Child Abuse Problems and Its Effects on a Future Childs Life

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Study Guide

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Study Guide Written by experimental author Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote does not follow the format of a traditional short story. While a standard 20th-century short story describes a conflict that builds steadily towards a crisis, climax, and resolution, Borgess story imitates (and often parodies) an academic or scholarly essay. The title character of Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote is a poet and literary critic from France-and is also, unlike a more traditional title character, dead by the time the story begins. The narrator of Borgess text is one of Menards friends and admirers. In part, this narrator is moved to write his eulogy because misleading accounts of the newly-deceased Menard have begun to circulate: Already Error is attempting to tarnish his bright Memory†¦ Most decidedly, a brief rectification is imperative (88). Borgess narrator begins his rectification by listing all of the visible lifework of Pierre Menard, in proper chronological order (90). The twenty or so items on the narrators list include translations, collections of sonnets, essays on intricate literary topics, and finally a handwritten list of lines of poetry that owe their excellence to punctuation (89-90). This overview of Menards career is the preface to a discussion of Menards single most innovative piece of writing. Menard left behind an unfinished masterpiece which consists of the ninth and thirty-eighth chapters of Part I of Don Quixote and a fragment of Chapter XXII (90). With this project, Menard didnt aim to merely transcribe or copy Don Quixote, and he didnt attempt to produce a 20th-century updating of this 17th-century comic novel. Instead, Menards admirable ambition was to produce a number of pages which coincided-word for word and line for line with those of Miguel de Cervantes, the original author of the Quixote (91). Menard achieved this re-creation of the Cervantes text without really re-creating Cervantess life. Instead, he decided that the best route was continuing to be Pierre Menard and coming to the Quixote through the experiences of Pierre Menard (91). Although the two versions of the Quixote chapters are absolutely identical, the narrator prefers the Menard text. Menards version is less reliant on local color, more skeptical of historical truth, and on the whole more subtle than Cervantess (93-94). But on a more general level, Menards Don Quixote establishes and promotes revolutionary ideas about reading and writing. As the narrator notes in the final paragraph, Menard has (perhaps unwittingly) enriched the slow and rudimentary art of reading by means of a new technique the technique of deliberate anachronism and fallacious attribution (95). Following Menards example, readers can interpret canonical texts in fascinating new ways by attributing them to authors who didnt actually write them. Background and Contexts Don Quixote and World Literature: Published in two installments in the early 17th century, Don Quixote is regarded by many readers and scholars as the first modern novel. (For literary critic Harold Bloom, Cervantes’s importance to world literature is rivaled only by Shakespeare’s.) Naturally, Don Quixote would have intrigued an avant-garde Argentine author like Borges, partially because of its impact on Spanish and Latin American literature, and partially because of its playful approach to reading and writing. But there is another reason why Don Quixote is especially appropriate to â€Å"Pierre Menard†- because Don Quixote spawned unofficial imitations in its own time. The unauthorized sequel by Avellaneda is the most famous of these, and Pierre Menard himself can be understood as the latest in a line of Cervantes imitators. Experimental Writing in the 20th Century: Many of the world-famous authors who came before Borges crafted poems and novels that are built largely of quotations, imitations, and allusions to earlier writings. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land- a long poem that uses a disorienting, fragmentary style and draws constantly on myths and legends- is one example of such reference-heavy writing. Another example is James Joyce’s Ulysses, which mixes bits of everyday speech with imitations of ancient epics, medieval poetry, and Gothic novels. This idea of an â€Å"art of appropriation† also influenced painting, sculpture, and installation art. Experimental visual artists such as Marcel Duchamp created â€Å"ready-made† artworks by taking objects from everyday life- chairs, postcards, snow shovels, bicycle wheels- and putting them together in strange new combinations. Borges situates â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† in this growing tradition of quotation and appropriation. (In fact, the final sentence of the story refers to James Joyce by name.) But â€Å"Pierre Menard† also shows how the art of appropriation can be taken to a comical extreme and does so without exactly lighting earlier artists; after all, Eliot, Joyce, and Duchamp all created works that are meant to be humorous or absurd. Key Topics Menard’s Cultural Background: Despite his choice of Don Quixote, Menard is mainly a product of French literature and French culture- and makes no secret of his cultural sympathies. He is identified in Borges’s story as a â€Å"Symbolist from Nà ®mes, a devotee essentially of Poe- who begat Baudelaire, who begat Mallarmà ©, who begat Valà ©ry† (92). (Though born in America, Edgar Allan Poe had an enormous French following after his death.) In addition, the bibliography that starts off â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† includes â€Å"a study of the essential metrical rules of French prose, illustrated with examples taken from Saint-Simon† (89). Oddly enough, this ingrained French background helps Menard to understand and re-create a work of Spanish literature. As Menard explains, he can easily imagine the universe â€Å"without the Quixote.† For him, â€Å"the Quixote is a contingent work; the Quixote is not necessary. I can premeditate committing it to writing, as it were- I can write it- without falling into a tautology† (92). Borges’s Descriptions: There are many aspects of Pierre Menard’s life- his physical appearance, his mannerisms, and most of the details of his childhood and domestic life- that are omitted from â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote†. This is not an artistic flaw; in fact, Borges’s narrator is fully conscious of these omissions. Given the opportunity, the narrator consciously backs away from the task of describing Menard, and explains his reasons in the following footnote: â€Å"I did, I might say, have the secondary purpose of drawing a small sketch of the figure of Pierre Menard- but how dare I compete with the gilded pages I am told the Baroness de Bacourt is even now preparing, or with the delicate sharp crayon of Carolus Hourcade?† (90). Borges’s Humor: â€Å"Pierre Menard† can be read as a send-up of literary pretensions- and as a piece of gentle self-satire on Borges’s part. As Renà © de Costa writes in Humor in Borges, â€Å"Borges creates two outlandish types: the adulating critic who worships a single author, and the worshiped author as a plagiarist, before ultimately inserting himself into the story and rounding things out with a typical self-parody.† In addition to praising Pierre Menard for questionable accomplishments, Borges’s narrator spends much of the story criticizing â€Å"Mme. Henri Bachelier,† another literary type who admires Menard. The narrator’s willingness to go after someone who is, technically, on his side- and to go after her for rather obscure reasons- is another stroke of ironic humor. As for Borges’s humorous self-criticism, de Costa notes that Borges and Menard have strangely similar writing habits. Borges himself was known among his friends for â€Å"his square-ruled notebooks, his black crossings-out, his peculiar typographical symbols, and his insect-like handwriting† (95, footnote). In the story, all of these things are attributed to the eccentric Pierre Menard. The list of Borges stories that poke gentle fun at aspects of Borges’s identity- â€Å"Tlà ¶n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius†, â€Å"Funes the Memorious†, â€Å"The Aleph†, â€Å"The Zahir†- is considerable, though Borges’s most extensive discussion of his own identity occurs in â€Å"The Other†. A Few Discussion Questions How would â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† be different if it centered on a text other than Don Quixote? Does Don Quixote seem like the most appropriate choice for Menard’s strange project, and for Borges’s story? Should Borges have focused his satire on a totally different selection from world literature?Why did Borges use so many literary allusions in â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote†? How do you think Borges wants his readers to react to these allusions? With respect? Annoyance? Confusion?How would you characterize the narrator of Borges’s story? Do you feel that this narrator is simply a stand-in for Borges, or are Borges and the narrator very different in major ways?Are the ideas about writing and reading that appear in this story totally absurd? Or can you think of real-life reading and writing methods that recall Menard’s ideas? Note on Citations All in-text citations refer to Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, pages 88-95 in Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions (Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Books: 1998).

Sam's Liability for SamCom Ltd's Obligations Essay

Sam's Liability for SamCom Ltd's Obligations - Essay Example Promoters also have a fiduciary duty to the shareholders, as he stands in the same position as a company director. As such, Sam cannot make a secret profit and he must have full disclosure with any transaction that he takes while he is the promoter of the company. He also cannot serve himself at the expense of the shareholders (Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas 1218). The facts state that the business that became SamCom Ltd was valued at ?50,000, yet the business was sold to SamCom Ltd for ?90,000. This might be a breach of Sam’s fiduciary duty to his shareholders (Cahn & McDonald, 2010), if he did not disclose that his company was worth substantially less than what SamCom Ltd. paid for it. The solicitor who Sam hired to take the necessary steps for incorporation, however, is not considered a promoter, as Re Great Wheal Polgooth Co. Ltd. (1883) 53 LJ Ch 42 established that persons who are acting as a professional capacity at the behest of the promoter, such as solicitors, do not become promoters. As for the contract to buy the silicon chips for ?5,000, this is a pre-incorporation contract, and the company would not be bound on this contract. This was established in the case of Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174, which established that pre-incorporation contracts do not bind the company. ... was incorporated, so the company would not be bound by this contract. Separate Personality of the Company and Lifting the Veil On the facts, it may be assumed that this is a closely held corporation. This does not, however, negate the separate legal personality of SamCom Ltd. According to established English law, a corporation is a separate legal personality who has the ability to sue and be sued and hold debts in its name (Wild & Weinstein, 2011). Moreover, the fact that only one person is a corporation does not defeat the separate legal personality of the corporation. This was established in the seminal case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22. In this case, Salomon made leather boots, and he was basically the sole bona fide shareholder of his company. The company went into liquidation, and the creditors attempted to make Salomon personally liable for the company's debts. The Salomon court held that, as long as a company is a legal entity, then the business, and the debts, bel ongs to the company, not to the shareholder(s). In this case, the lower courts had attempted to say that Salomon himself was liable, because he was the only interested shareholder – the other shareholders were his family members, and they were disinterested. The House of Lords held, however, that this does not defeat the claim of corporate personality. Therefore, this case may be applied to the facts, in that SamCom Ltd. is a closely held corporation, but, as per Salomon, the corporation would still have a separate legal personality and Salomon further demonstrated that corporations, because they are separate legal entities, will be liable for the debts incurred by

Rewrite the essay to meet the english academic standards

Rewrite the to meet the english academic standards - Essay Example This method provides social workers with the opportunity to focus on the individual needs, in order to bring about changes to the service user situations. The effectiveness of the task centered approach is clearly identified from the great outcomes at the end of the intervention. There is an element which is usually important to recognize when using the task centered approach; that is, when service users are facing problems they have also the means to solve them. The social worker in partnership with the service users will come across solutions to the problem in question. This approach provides social workers with a duty to empower service users while using it. (Coulshed & Orme, 2006). Moving on to the task centered principles, mutual clarity between worker and service user about the purpose of their interactions is required. This is achieved when good communication is maintained between them. This model is very practical as it allows the service user to make smaller and meaningful changes. This model is limited as it can not deal with more than three issues in order to ensure effectiveness of the intervention. It requires work in partnership and maximum collaboration from the service user. The intervention should be measured to ensure its effectiveness. The social worker and service user should evaluate the outcomes to ensure positive results (Healy, 2005) When applying the task centered model with a clear aim to succeed in the intervention with service users, five sequential phases it should be observed; both the social worker and service user should be absolutely clear of the process of the intervention. Clear explanations must be provided by the social worker, including the time limited process. In addition, the social worker should explore the service user’s situation to find out why the problems have occurred, and identify the relevant issues needed to be addressed. Moving on to the second phase of the intervention, once all the

Planning For Clarity (Language Learning) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning For Clarity (Language Learning) - Essay Example The second step has the students interacting with each other while the tutor monitors this session like a referee. The first step when the tutor engages in teaching and interacting the students find an opportunity to loosen their guards from inhibitive apprehensions and become responsive. This is the time when the tutor holds the fort teaching and instructing, questioning and gingerly allowing students to respond to queries. The tutor/students interactions may begin with the tutor allowing students 10% of the time to answer questions. The tutor may then increase the number of questions and gradually extend the question/answers hour to 90%, transferring the session to the second step when the students begin interacting with each other using study material and discussions. It is crucially important to organize the interaction sessions with content rich and well designed study material so that the students get exposure to language learning resources. These study material must be condensed and balanced so that the contents appear neither inadequate nor cluttered. The class must be divided into 3 or 4 groups to allow for group discussions and preparation before the final competition. (Judy Haynes) The SIOP strategy invokes use of first language in the learning process of the second language. This bilingual approach puts the students at ease as they are materially prepared to grasp the second language more easily being acquainted with the lesson contents having understood them from their presentation in their own language. Since the study material are also biliteral, that is, scripted in the first and second languages, all the students have to do is grasp the text and grammar of the second language. The process of application is a workshop involving reading, writing, listening and speaking. The study material must adequately cover all of these. The tutor must allow time for students to learn on trial and error rote. The exercise must allow ample time for students to stir their mental aptitudes with language learning. (Bilingual/ESL Education Program, p7) Conclusion The SIOP strategy makes learning simple and user-friendly. Being connected to the mother tongue, its approach is that of a friendly neighbor. The tutor must adorn the role of the friendly neighbor. It goes without saying that the tutor must be thoroughly conversant with the first and second languages. The students' success totally depends on the tutor's approach with the curriculum and study material providing the vital links in the process. One learns the first language in an informal atmosphere of abandon and care. The process is much the same for the second language. Sources: Bilingual/ESL Education Program, Instructional Model, 15 November, 2005, Updated September 2007, Brownsville Independent School District, Texas, http://www.bisd.us/Bilingual_Education/INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL UPDATED SEPT 2007.pdf Judy Haynes, SIOP: Making Content Comprehensible for ELLs, everythingELS.net,

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal The preparation of Terbium hydroxide nanowires  by hydrothermal method The single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies was successfully prepared from Tb2O3 powder by adjusting the concentration of acetic acid under hydrothermal condition. The influence of the concentration of acetic acid and reaction temperature on the crystalline phase and morphologies of Tb(OH)3 products was discussed. The concentration of acetic acid plays a key role in determining the products morphology. Eventually, the mechanism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed. Keywords: Tb(OH)3, nanowires, spindle, rare earth, hydrothermal. Introduction Rare-earth elements are a group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium because of their similar chemical properties. The oxides of rare-earth elements have been extensive used in past decades because of their optic, electric, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which are caused by their unique electronic structures and numerous transition modes involving the 4f shells of their ions. These properties strongly depend on the composition, morphology and dimensionality of products, which are sensitive to the bonding states of rare earth ions. In recent years, many important materials have been prepared in the form of nanowires to generate some unexpected properties. Nanowires represent a class of quasi-one-dimensional materials, in which carrier motion is restricted in two directions so that they usually exhibit significant photochemical, physical, and electron-transport properties which differ from that of bulk or nanoparticle materials. Recently, three dimensional (3D) nanostructured architectures have been explored for a new generation of advanced devices such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, and sensors owing to some improved properties originating from their nanobuilding blocks and the manners in which they are organized. Up to now, a wide variety of inorganic materials, including metal,6a metal oxide,6b–d hydrate,6e borate,6f molybdate,6g,h and tungstate,6i have been successfully prepared with complex 3D hierarchical shapes by the solution-phase chemical method, due to its low cost and potential advantage for large-scale production. However, exploration of reasonable synthetic methods for controlled construction of complex 3D architectures of other inorganic functional materials via a chemical self-assembly route is still an intensive and hot research topic. In the controlled construction of self-assembly of 1D or 2D nanobuilding blocks into 3D novel nanoarchitectures, copolymers and surfactants always play important roles due to their directing functions during the aggregation process as well as their stabilizing effects in equilibrium systems. [Lu-1] For example, who and who reported the Who et al. have described systematically the †¦ However, there are only several report on the synthesis of Among the family of rare earth compounds, the terbium oxide is the important functional rare earth material. It had been used as a promising candidate for ceramic pigments, catalysts, promoters and stabilizers in combustion catalysts, oxygen-storage components, and materials with higher electrical conductivity. In addition, terbium hydroxides are of great importance because rare earth oxides can be straight formed through dehydration from hydroxides. To date, many terbium hydroxides particles have been synthesized via a hydrothermal route due to the advantages of high purity and good homogeneity, and the corresponding structured rare earth oxides were made by calcining the precursors. [Lu-1] In the present work, we exploited a one-step hydrothermal route to prepare nano-scale terbium hydroxide with various morphologies. In addition, the mechanism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed. The reaction mechanism leading to the lutetium oxide precursor and the self-assembly process were discussed. A possible formation mechanism for the morphology evolution of these microstructures was suggested, which was not reported before. Experimental section: 2.1. Preparation of Tb(OH)3 precursors All chemicals with analytical grade were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan, and used without further purification. A detailed description of the preparation process is as follows: 15 mL of acetic acid solution with various concentrations (0.001~0.2M) and 0.45 g of Tb2O3were placed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The autoclave was sealed, heated in an electric oven to 200  °C at a heating rate of 5  °C/min, and maintained at 200  °C for 6 h with rotation for agitation. The autoclave was then cooled to room temperature via air quenching. The precipitate was collected using a centrifuge, washed with distilled water, and dried at room temperature. In order to investigate the mechanism, the reaction temperature and reaction time were appropriately changed. The pure water, sodium hydroxide and the other type of solutions were used as the solvent instead of acetic acid solution. 2.3. Characterization Powder X-ray diffractions (XRD) were performed using a Rigaku RTP-300RC diffractometer operating at 40 kV and 100 mA with Cu Kà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ radiation (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬) 1.54056 ÃŽ ¼m. The patterns were collected in the range of 10 ° to 70 ° with a 0.02 ° step and scanning speed of 4 °/min. The micrographs of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were obtained using a JEOL JSM-6500F electron microscope operating at 15 kV. The samples were heated in air at a ramp rate of 10  ºC/min. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu FTIR-8200PC spectrophotometer at room temperature. Result and discussion 3.1. Influence of acetic acid concentration on the phase and morphology of the obtained precursors The chemical composition and crystal structure of the samples were firstly determined by XRD measurements. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of as-prepared samples in the various concentrations of acetic acid solution. It is easy found that when the concentration of HAc was lower than 0.15M (fig.1a~e), the XRD patterns can be indexed to be a pure hexagonal phase of Tb(OH)3, in agreement with the reported data (JCPDS 83-2038) with lattice constants a=6.3150 Ã… and c=3.6030Ã…. With the enhancement of concentration of HAc, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually reduced, meanwhile the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increased gradually. It means that the crystallinity of products and crystalline grain were gradually decreased. It is important to note that the relative intensity ratio of (110) and (101) peaks was changed with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH, suggesting that the preferential growth along c-axis occurs with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH . When the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M, an unknown phase was formed. The XRD patters showed the compound have the layered structure according to the d value. In order to determine the chemical composition of the unknown phase, the Infrared spectra was allowed to use. Fig.2 shows the FT-IR spectra for the as-prepared simples. The typical peaks of Tb(OH)3 products (fig2.a~e)were found at ca. 3610 and 670 cm-1. In accordance with the results in literature, these two bands can be associated with OH stretching and with Tb-OH bending modes in the hydroxide[à ¦-†¡Ãƒ §Ã…’ ®]. The FTIR spectra show that these products are free of organic byproducts. The IR spectra of the unknown phase (fig2.f) show additional adsorption bands at 3380, 2924 , 2853,1568, 1443 and 1011 cm-1. The occurrence of a broad 3390 cm-1 band is attributed to residual traces of water in the sample. The bands at 2924 and 2853 cm-1 correspond to –CH3 stretching and –CH3 against stretching vibration, respectively. These bands are located between 1568 and 1443 cm-1, which are typical for stretching vibrations of carboxylate groups Va(COO-) and Vs(COO-), resp ectively[à ¦-†¡Ãƒ §Ã…’ ®]. The band at 1011 cm-1 corresponds to Tb-OH bending vibration. On the basis of the IR spectraà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the precursor material is assumed to contain metal acetate hydrate and metallic hydrate (Tb(CH3COO)X(OH)Y†¢H2O). The SEM images of several typical samples with distinct morphologies are presented in Fig.3a-f. It is found that the concentration of acetic acid (HAc) plays a key role in determining the product morphology. Tb(OH)3 could be obtained at concentration between 0.001 to 0.15M. At low HAc concentration (fig.3a), the obtained product is composed of granular aggregates and it was difficult to distinguish each other. A slight increase in concentration to 0.01M (fig.3b), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m and length up to 5 ÃŽ ¼m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. The diameter of these nanowires ranges from 50 to 100 nanometers. As HAc concentration was further increased to 0.03M (fig.3c), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 2ÃŽ ¼m and length more than 10ÃŽ ¼m were obtained. When HAc concentration was added to 0.1 M (fig.3d), the length of the bundles of nanowires was fu rther increase to more than 12ÃŽ ¼m along with the decrease of the diameter. At the same time, the diameter of the nanowires also gradually reduced. To further increase the concentration of HAc to 0.15M (fig.3e), the bundles of nanowires began to varying degrees of separation, some single nanowires began to form. These nanostructures are found to be in a wide scale of size, ranging in diameter from less than 12ÃŽ ¼m to more than 2 ÃŽ ¼m. Finally, when the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M (fig.3f), the SEM photograph also showed that this compound consisted of plate-like crystals, which is in agreement with the XRD result. 3.2à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Effect of temperature To determine the effect of temperature, the Tb2O3 with 15ml 0.067M CH3COOH solution were hydrothermally treated at 100, 160, 200, 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 6h. According to the XRD patterns, the pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was only obtained at hydrothermal temperature above 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, while only a small amount of Tb(OH)3 was formed at 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, and most of products proved to be raw material Tb2O3. With the increase of reaction temperature to above 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the raw material Tb2O3 disappeared, and pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was obtained. When the temperature was increased to 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the crystallinity of Tb(OH)3 was significantly increased. The hydrothermal temperature has a great impact on the size of the terbium hydroxide precursors. Figure 5 shows typical SEM images of Tb(OH)3 in 0.067 mol/L HAc solution at various temperature. It can be seen that the a few microfiber-like structure of Tb(OH)3 was formed at low temperature of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™(Fig.5a). When the temperature reached to 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the uniform microfibers of Tb(OH)3 nanowires with length of about 13 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m were obtained(Fig.5b). With the enhancement of reaction temperature, the length of microfibers gradually increased, as well as the diameter of nanowires (inset in Fig.5b and Fig.5d). The more quantity of microfibers was formed at high reaction temperature than the low temperature. In addition these microfibers grew very slowly as the extension of reaction time at high temperature of 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Details of results are as shown in table1. That is because the reaction rate of the dissolving – recrystallization increases at high temperature, a large number of crystal nucleus has been quickly formed in the initial stage of reaction. In the case of no changing the total amount of raw materials, the smaller grain size has been formed under the condition of higher temperature. Meanwhile, the defect of products is less at high temperature than low temperature. Therefore the diameter of nanowires of microfibers at high temperature is bigger than at low temperature. 3.3. Effect of reaction In order to understand the reaction process, the reaction time was changed from 0 to 24h, while the CH3COOH concentration and reaction temperature were fixed to 0.067M and 200à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, respectively, Figure 6 show the XRD results of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200 °C at a heating ramp of 5 °C /min), 0.5h, 2h, and 6h of hydrothermal reaction at 200  °C, respectively. According to the XRD patterns, when the oven reached 200  °C, the characteristic peaks of hexagonal Tb(OH)3 just began to appear in the XRD pattern, as shown in Figure 6a. Most of the characteristic peaks proved to be raw material Tb2O3. The pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained after 30 min of hydrothermal reaction, and with the enhancement of reaction time, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually increased. It means that the crystallinity was gradually increased with the reaction time increased. Figure 7 shows SEM images of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200  °C at a heating ramp of 5  °C /min), 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h of hydrothermal reaction at 200  °C, respectively. When the oven reached 200  °C, the product is composed of starfish-like microstructure (Figure 7a). With the increased of time to 0.5h(fig.7c), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m and length up to 5 ÃŽ ¼m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. As time was further increased to 6h (fig.7d), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 1.5ÃŽ ¼m and length more than 10ÃŽ ¼m were obtained. Finally, when time was increased to 24h (fig.7e), the nanowires of the spindle-like microfibers began to split. 3.4 the effect of CH3COOH on morphology According to the above phenomenon, CH3COOH plays a key role in determining the morphology of products. To determine the effect of CH3COOH on morphology, the pure water, sodium hydroxide, CH3COONa, HCl, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid (L-Ac) solution as the solvent instead of acetic acid. From XRD patterns we can see, no matter what kind of solution was used as a solvent, the pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained. In 5M NaOH solution, the product was composed of nanorods aggregates. In pure water, nanoparticals and some mocrorods aggregates were obtained. (à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ±,à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´,à §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à §Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½c) Figure 9. SEM images of products synthesized from 0.45g of Tb2O3 in (a)10M NaOH solution and (b) pure water at 200 oC for 6h. Conclusion We have used terbium oxide and different concentrations of acetic acid to synthesize the single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies by a hydrothermal method. The concentration of acetic acid, reaction temperature, reaction time and types of solvents strongly affect the morphology and size of products. The morphology of the Tb(OH)3 products changed from granular aggregates, to microfibers of nanowires aggregated, spindle of nanowires, eventually into nanowires with increasing concentration. The crystallinity of the Tb(OH)3 products can be increased by enhanced the reaction temperature. The method utilized in this study to fabricate the terbium hydroxide with tunable morphologies is general and could be extended to synthesize the other rare earth hydroxides by simple adjusting the concentration of acetic acid.

Comparing Suffering in Plaths Ariel, Stings, Lady Lazarus, Wintering,

Portrayal of Suffering in Plath's Ariel, Stings, Lady Lazarus, Wintering, and Fever 103 °Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sylvia Plath's poems evoke the worst of subjective fallacies. Probably some of our charged reactions are symptomatic of the times and the culture; but more of them seem to stem from the always-too-easy identification between troubled poet and what might be the tone of imagery and rhythm of the poem considered. Because Plath worked so intensively in archetypal imagery (water, air, fire as bases for image patterns, for example), many of her poems could be read as either "dark" wasteland kinds of expressions, or as the reverse, as death-by-water, salvation poems--destruction implied, but also survived, phoenix-like. "Ariel," the title poem of the collection that made Plath known to the reading world so soon after her 1962 suicide, is a similarly ambiguous poem, rich in its image patterns of movement-stasis, light-dark, earth-fire. The progression in the poem is from the simply stated "Stasis in darkness," a negative condition as Plath indicates in the very similarly imaged poem "Years," to the ecstatic transformation-through-motion of the closing. That this is a poem about motion is clear from the second image, which seems to be a depiction of the faint light of morning ("substanceless blue pour of tor and distances") yet also stresses the movement of the image--pour, distances. The eye of the reader, like that of the poet, is on what is coming, and the scene that appears is always couched in imagery that includes motion words or impressions. Even the furrows of earth are moving ("splits and passes"). The antagonistic forces in the poem are those contrary to the motion that is so passionately evoked. Set against the unity of... ...e close of "Ariel" suggests the same benizon, "I / Am the arrow, // The dew that flies / Suicidal, at one with the drive / Into the red // Eye, the cauldron of morning." "Then to the elements be free" . . . "at one with the dew." Plath's drive to motion, that sheer impact of energy and force, beyond the "Dead hands, dead stringencies," is the power behind not only "Ariel" but also "Stings," "Lady Lazarus," "Wintering," and "Fever 103 °." That she, with Shakespeare, found such violence as the gale winds "auspicious" is an important index to these passionate and sometimes difficult poems, poems important enough to us that we must learn to read them with an insight closer to Plath's own emphasis, and to her equally personal thematic direction. Works Cited   Linda Wagner, "Plath's 'Ariel': 'Auspicious Gales,'" in Concerning Poetry, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1977, pp. 5-7.

Finagle A Bagels’ upside-down organization chart Essay

1.What does Finagle A Bagel’s upside-down organization chart suggest about the delegation of authority and coordination techniques within the company? Finagle A Bagels’ upside-down organization chart suggests that the people who are normally on top, support the people who are at the bottom, such as the general managers and workers. This gives general managers the authority to do whatever it takes to alleviate problems in their stores or increase sales. 2.Is Finagle A Bagel a tall or flat organization? How do you know? Finagle A Bagel is a Flat Organization. Flat organizations generally are more responsive to customer demands since decision making power may be given to lower-level employees which is what Finagle a bagel does. Whereas tall organizations have many layers of management which can cause communication to be distorted as if flows from one manager to next before reaching the employee dealing solely with the customer. 3.What values seem to saturate Finagle A Bagel’s corporate culture? The values that seem to permeate Finagles A Bagels’ corporate culture is team work, positive work ethic and strong a support system. 4.Why would Finagle A Bagel build a dough factory that has more capacity than the company needs to supply its stores and its wholesale customers? A reason why Finagle A bagel would build a dough factory that has more capacity than the company needs would be to account for future business growth. By purchasing a factory that is able to produce more then what they currently need, they are leaving open the option of expansion without having to spend more revenue on another factory to compensate for growth.

Colin Ferguson and the Long Island Railroad Massacre

Colin Ferguson and the Long Island Railroad Massacre On Dec. 7, 1993, Colin Ferguson, a man long bothered by what he considered racism, boarded a Long Island commuter train and began shooting at the passengers with a pistol. The incident, known as the Long Island Railroad Massacre, resulted in six people killed and 19 injured. Background Ferguson was born on Jan. 14, 1958, in Kingston, Jamaica, to Von Herman and May Ferguson. Herman was the managing director for Hercules Agencies, a large pharmaceutical company. He was highly regarded and one of the most prominent businessmen in Jamaica. Colin and his four brothers enjoyed many of the privileges that come with wealth in a city where extreme poverty is common. He attended Calabar High School and, from all appearances, was a good student who participated in sports. At the time of his graduation in 1974, his grade average was in the top third of his class. Fergusons idyllic life came to an abrupt halt in 1978, when his father was killed in a car crash. His mother died from cancer not long afterward. Soon after both parents died, Ferguson had to cope with the loss of the family fortune. All the losses left him deeply disturbed. Move to the United States At 23, Ferguson decided to leave Kingston and move to the U.S. on a visitors visa, hoping for a fresh start and a good job on the East Coast. It didnt take long for his excitement to turn to frustration: The only jobs he could find were low-paying and menial, and he blamed racism in America. Three years after his arrival in the U.S., he met and married Audrey Warren, an American citizen of Jamaican descent who understood the cultural differences that affected her husbands ability to get along. She was patient and understanding when he lost his temper and went into rages, expressing his racial bigotry toward white people who he felt stood in his way. The couple moved to a home in Long Island, where he continued to rage about the mistreatment and disrespect he was shown by white Americans. He had been born to one of the top families in Kingston, and government and military luminaries had attended his fathers funeral. But in America, he felt he was treated as nothing. His hatred toward white people was deepening. Married bliss didnt last long for the couple. Warren found her new husband to be hostile and aggressive. They fought regularly and more than once the police were called to their home to break up a fight. Just two years into the marriage, Warren divorced Ferguson, stating differing social views as the reason. Ferguson was emotionally crushed by the divorce. He did clerical work for Ademco Security Group until Aug. 18, 1989, when he fell from a stool on the job, injuring his head, neck, and back and losing his job. He filed a complaint with the New York State Workers Compensation Board, which took years to come to a resolution. While he waited for their decision, he attended Nassau Community College. Disciplinary Problems at College He made the deans list three times but was forced to quit a class for disciplinary reasons after a teacher filed a complaint that Ferguson was overly aggressive toward him in class. That prompted him to transfer to Adelphi University in Garden City, New York, in 1990, majoring in business administration. Ferguson became very outspoken about black power and his dislike of whites. When he wasnt calling everyone around him a racist, he called out for violence and a revolution to overthrow white America. Ferguson alleged that a white woman at the library shouted racial epithets at him when he asked about a class assignment. An investigation found that no such incident had occurred. In another incident, Ferguson interrupted a faculty member giving a presentation about her trip to South Africa, allegedly shouting, We should be talking about the revolution in South Africa and how to get rid of the white people and Kill everybody white! After fellow students tried to calm him, he chanted, The black revolution will get you.   In June 1991, as a result of the incident, Ferguson was suspended from school. He was invited to reapply after satisfying his suspension, but he never returned. Brush With the Law In 1991 Ferguson moved to Brooklyn, where he was unemployed and rented a room in the Flatbush neighborhood. At the time it was a popular area for West Indian immigrants, and Ferguson moved right into the middle, but he kept to himself, rarely saying anything to his neighbors. In 1992 his ex-wife, who had not seen Ferguson since the divorce, filed a complaint against him, claiming he had pried open the trunk of her car. Anger was boiling up inside Ferguson, and he was nearing the breaking point. In February he was taking the subway when a woman attempted to sit in an empty seat beside him. She asked him to move over, and Ferguson began screaming at her, pressing his elbow and leg against her until the police intervened. He attempted to get away, calling out, Brothers, come help me! to African-Americans on the train. He was arrested and charged with harassment. Ferguson wrote letters to the police commissioner and the NYC Transit Authority, claiming the police had brutalized him and were vicious and racist. The claims were later dismissed after an investigation. Worker's Compensation Claim Settled It took three years for his workers compensation case against Ademco Security Group to be settled. He was awarded $26,250, which he found unsatisfactory. Stating that he was still suffering from pain, he met with a Manhattan attorney, Lauren Abramson, about filing another lawsuit. Abramson later said she asked a law clerk to join the meeting because she found Ferguson to be threatening and uncomfortable to be around. When the law firm rejected the case, Ferguson accused members of the firm of discrimination. During one phone call, he referenced a massacre in California. Many at the firm began locking their inner-office doors. Ferguson then tried to get the New York State Workers Compensation Board to reopen the case but was rejected. However, Ferguson was placed on a list of potentially dangerous people because of his aggressiveness. Fed up with New York City, Ferguson moved to California in April 1993. He applied for several jobs but was never hired. Gun Purchase That same month, he spent $400 on a Ruger P-89 9 mm pistol in Long Beach. He began carrying the gun inside a paper bag after he was mugged by two African-Americans. In May 1993, Ferguson moved back to New York City because, as he explained to a friend, he didnt like competing for jobs with immigrants and Hispanics. After he returned to New York, he seemed to be deteriorating quickly. Speaking in the third person, he went on rants about blacks striking down their pompous rulers and oppressors. He showered several times a day and chanted continuously about all the black people killing all the white people. Ferguson was asked to vacate his apartment by the end of the month. The Shooting On Dec. 7, Ferguson boarded a 5:33 p.m. Long Island commuter train leaving Pennsylvania Station for Hicksville. On his lap were his gun and 160 rounds of ammunition. As the train approached the Merillon Avenue Station, Ferguson stood up and methodically began firing at passengers on both sides, pulling the trigger about every half second and repeating Im going to get you. After emptying two 15-round magazines, he was reloading a third when passengers Michael OConnor, Kevin Blum, and Mark McEntee tackled him and pinned him down until police arrived. As Ferguson lay pinned to a seat, he said, Oh God, what did I do? What did I do? I deserve whatever I get. Six passengers died: Amy Federici, a 27-year-old corporate interior designer from MineolaJames Gorycki, a 51-year-old account executive from MineolaMi Kyung Kim, a 27-year-old New Hyde Park residentMaria Theresa Tumangan Magtoto, a 30-year-old lawyer from WestburyDennis McCarthy, a 52-year-old office manager from MineolaRichard Nettleton, a 24-year-old college student from Roslyn Heights 19 passengers were injured. The Note Police searching Ferguson found several scraps of notebook paper in his pockets bearing headlines such as reasons for this,  racism by Caucasians and Uncle Tom Negroes, and a scribbled reference to his February 1992 arrest that referred to the false allegations against me by the filthy Caucasian racist female on the #1 line. Also among the notes were the names and telephone numbers of the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, and the Manhattan law firm that Ferguson had threatened, whom he referred to as those corrupt black attorneys who not only refused to help me but tried to steal my car. Based on the notes, it appeared that Ferguson planned to delay the killings until he was beyond the New York City limit out of respect for outgoing Mayor David Dinkins and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly. Ferguson was arraigned on Dec. 8, 1993. He remained silent  during the arraignment and refused to enter a plea. He was ordered held without bail. As he was escorted from the courthouse, a reporter asked him if he hated whites, to which Ferguson replied, Its a lie. Investigation, Trial, and Sentencing According to trial testimony, Ferguson suffered from extreme paranoia involving many races but mostly centering on the feeling that white people were out to get him. At some point, his paranoia had pushed him into devising a plan of revenge. To avoid embarrassing Mayor Dinkins, Ferguson had selected a commuter train headed to Nassau County. Once the train entered Nassau, Ferguson had begun shooting, selecting some white people to gun down and sparing others. The reasons for his selections were never made clear. After a circus-like trial in which Ferguson represented himself and rambled on, often repeating himself,  he was found guilty and sentenced to 315  years in prison. As of November 2018, he was in the Upstate Correctional Facility in Malone, New York. Source:The Long Island Railroad Massacre, AE American Justice

Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union

Separation of Church and State in the European Union The European Union, the intergovernmental organization between 25 European nations, faces many challenges concerning where it will go, how it will develop, and how and when it will expand. As its work continues and further develops, the Member States take many steps to be more united and uniform. Such developments are the birth of the Euro as the EU‘s monetary unit and the abolition of borders between the Member States except the United Kingdom. The writing of the EU Constitution is another development. However, this one has raised much controversy over one issue: the omission of religious reference in the Constitution. This issue raises many questions, and one of them is whether the EU should seek standard policy regarding the state-church relationships of the Member States. Perhaps a coherent way to look at and discuss this question is by comparing the EU to another union, such as the United States. The difference between their structures and developments can point out how the EU should behave about the separation of church and state. The US, being a federation, believes that constitutionally, the church and state should be separated. This policy helps the US function as a successful body, under the principles it has set. However, unlike the US, the EU does not need to find a uniform way in dealing with the church-government relationships in order to function as a successful body, since the EU has no central gover nment and is not an organization which interferes with the strictly internal policies of the Member States. The US developed in such a way that a uniform in church-state relationships is needed. Ever since the colonial period, there was an established religion in some of the colonies. For instance, New England had a Puritan domination, and the Colony of Virginia had the Anglican Church as official religion. However, with the Revolutionary War, these ... Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union Separation of Church and State in the European Union The European Union, the intergovernmental organization between 25 European nations, faces many challenges concerning where it will go, how it will develop, and how and when it will expand. As its work continues and further develops, the Member States take many steps to be more united and uniform. Such developments are the birth of the Euro as the EU‘s monetary unit and the abolition of borders between the Member States except the United Kingdom. The writing of the EU Constitution is another development. However, this one has raised much controversy over one issue: the omission of religious reference in the Constitution. This issue raises many questions, and one of them is whether the EU should seek standard policy regarding the state-church relationships of the Member States. Perhaps a coherent way to look at and discuss this question is by comparing the EU to another union, such as the United States. The difference between their structures and developments can point out how the EU should behave about the separation of church and state. The US, being a federation, believes that constitutionally, the church and state should be separated. This policy helps the US function as a successful body, under the principles it has set. However, unlike the US, the EU does not need to find a uniform way in dealing with the church-government relationships in order to function as a successful body, since the EU has no central gover nment and is not an organization which interferes with the strictly internal policies of the Member States. The US developed in such a way that a uniform in church-state relationships is needed. Ever since the colonial period, there was an established religion in some of the colonies. For instance, New England had a Puritan domination, and the Colony of Virginia had the Anglican Church as official religion. However, with the Revolutionary War, these ...

Methods and Design Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methods and Design Paper - Essay Example In particular, continuing from the relationships identified earlier in respect to the proposed research in measuring service quality dimensions; this paper identifies the methods and design structures that could be most fruitfully deployed in bringing about the clarity in relationships between various constructs and variables so as to meet the research intent. The target object of the proposed research is to evaluate service quality performance versus customer expectations of the same. The earlier paper on relationships had identified the primary constructs as: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles, and business success in relation to services' quality. It is posited here that answers to the proposed research questions, will enable special event firms to ascertain if there is a positive relationship between their business successes and the service quality they proffer. This analysis can also help identify the negative gaps in service quality from expected levels as well as determine as to which SERVQUAL dimensions are critical in determining the level of success this type of company will experience in the marketplace. However prior to that it is important that it is examined how similar constructs have been examined in comparable research on service quality. ... The results of the study are used to strategize as to what communication action may increase awareness and loyalty in existing and potential buyers. This also lays bare the key attributes clients use as a measure of quality and satisfaction when consuming professional services. Botschen et al (1996) have used a very interesting technique for identifying the problems which the consumers might encounter in service encounters. The technique is called Sequence-oriented problem identification (SOPI).SOPI involves blue printing the sequence of steps that make up a service encounter, and asking customers to provide evaluations for each step they may experience in the service encounter process. In part, SOPI is a strategic tool that combines and extends blueprinting of services with the critical incident technique. The SOPI technique is illustrated with comparisons of findings from the research method with findings from the critical incident method in an empirical study of customers' evaluat ions of the augmented and core services in adult education courses of an Austrian enterprise. The SOPI results provide very specific information about problems experienced by customers that was not included in the critical incident method. Nick &Tyas (1997) had done interesting research in probing service quality perceptions of consumers. They maintain that definite noteworthy events encourse service dispensations are events in real space but affect service perceptions randomly. Whereas generalized views about service establishment are exaggerated views of the reality expressed in general terms by a group of individuals. They believe that both noteworthy events

Markiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markiting - Essay Example For calculate the benefits the company must has marketing tool in find out buyer wants, behaviour and market size. 2)Developing Marketing Strategies – a company needs makng a positioning strategy. It must follow new-product developmet, testing and launching. Just after launching the product strategy has to undergone many changes in the different stages of product life-cycle. When a product is launch the product has to passes by four stages which are introduction, growth, maturity and decline and this cycle is called product life cycle (Kotler 2004). The figure given below shows a typical bell shaped product life cycle in terms of product revenue and profits. A new product takes time to settle in the minds of consumers. So ate first there happens low or no profits, low sales and high promotional expenditures (Kotler 2004). The marketing mix is affecting this way: 4)Promotion is done for holding innovators and quickly adopters. Marketing communications are everytime helping in educating and bringing interest in those consumers who may go for the product in future. In the growth stage sales increases because more consumers come to know the product and and buy it (Kotler 2004). There is competition. Attention is now on the safeguarding market share and also maximizing profit. In the following way it assist the marketing managers to making decisions: In the decline stage the sales of the product goes down a lot because of many reasons like change in technology, change in consumers tastes, more domestic and internation competitions (Kotler 2004). In such a stage the marketing managers should: Examples: Boston Market which declared bankruptcy and was taken over by McDonald’s came back into existence by revilatizing (Kotler 2004). Even Pitney Bowes was once predicting that the company will fail due to internet but the company still continuing as it