Teacher Appreciation Week Activities and Ideas

Teacher Appreciation Week is a week-long celebration in the month of May, which is designated to honoring and celebrating the hard work and dedication of our teachers. During this week, schools across America show their love and appreciation to their teachers by having students and parents participate in activities to give thanks and acknowledge their teachers. In celebration of this week, I have gathered a few fun ideas and activities to show teachers how special you think they are. You will find ideas for administrators, teachers, and students. Ideas for Administrators One of the most effective ways that administration can show how much they appreciate their teaching staff is to plan something special for their teachers. Afternoon Lunch A simple way to show your appreciation is to prepare a luncheon in the faculty lounge for all the teachers in the school. Order a pizza or if your school has extra money splurge on some take-out. Pull-Out the Red Carpet If you really want to make a big deal out of your teaching staff and get your students in an uproar, try creating a red carpet experience. Get a piece of red carpet and velvet ropes and have each teacher walk down the carpet as they arrive at school. End of Day Celebration Plan a surprise end of the day celebration. Designate the last hour of the day as free time for the students. Then organize for parents to come in and help out with the class while the teacher goes to the lounge for a much-needed break. Have the teachers lounge filled with coffee and snacks, your efforts will be much appreciated. Ideas for Teachers A great way to teach your students about the value of showing appreciation for hard work is to have a class discussion about why teachers are so special. Follow up this discussion with a few fun activities. Read a Book Often students dont really grasp the importance of all their teachers do. To help them understand the time and effort it takes to be a teacher try reading a few books about teachers. Some of my favorites are: Thank you Mr. Falker by Patricia Polacco, Miss Nelson is Missing by Harry Allard and What If There Were No Teachers? By Caron Chandler Loveless. Compare Teachers Have students compare their favorite teacher with a teacher from one of the books you read. Have them use a graphic organizer like a Venn diagram to help them organize their ideas. Write a Letter Have students write a letter to their favorite teacher telling them what makes them so special. First brainstorm ideas together as a class, then have students write their letters on special paper, and when completed, allow them to give it to the teacher they wrote about. Ideas for Students All teachers love to receive recognition for their hard work, but they appreciate it the most when it comes from their students. Here are some suggestions on how fellow teachers and parents can help students can give thanks to their teacher. Give Thanks Out Loud One of the most important ways students can express their gratitude to their teachers is to say it out loud. A unique way of doing this is to give thanks over the loudspeaker. If this is not possible then students can also ask the teacher if they can have a few minutes in the beginning or the end of class to show their appreciation. Door Decorations Before or after school, decorate the teachers classroom door with all the things they love, or what you love about the teacher. If your teacher loves animals, decorate the door in an animal theme. You can add a personal touch such as a letter to the teacher, a Worlds Best teacher certificate or even a painting or drawing. Make a Gift Theres nothing like a handmade gift that really shows a teacher how much you appreciate them. Create something that the teacher can cherish such as, a hall or bathroom pass, magnet, bookmark or anything they can use in their classroom, the ideas are endless.

Hero s Journey Frozen - 1371 Words

Hero s Journey Analysis The movie, â€Å"Frozen† is an accurate example of ‘The Hero’s Journey’. Joseph Campbell defines this term as, â€Å"a hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man†. The main character/s follow an occurring pattern that most characters develop and experience. This analysis will portray and examine the term ‘Hero’s Journey’ in the movie â€Å"Frozen†. The beginning and end of the story begins in the protagonists ‘ordinary world’. This is Arendelle, the kingdom where Anna and Elsa live. The major characters of this story are Anna, Elsa, Hans, Kristoff, Olaf, and the trolls. Anna, the youngest of the two princess sisters, lives with wealthy royal parents. As a child, Anna wo uld play with her older sister Elsa, who has the ability to freeze, make it snow, and freeze things. One day, Elsa strikes Anna’s head internally with ice while playing and Anna almost dies. Anna is saved by magical trolls but has no recollection of the event as they were erased from her memory. As a result, Elsa must never use her powers in public or around her family because they are seen as evil. The girls parents later die in a terrible shipwreck and as a result, Elsa is left to control the kingdom. The â€Å"Call To Adventure† takes place at Elsa’s coronation, Anna falls inShow MoreRelatedThe Holy Fool Archetype1667 Words   |  7 Pagesirrationality due to his lack of knowledge of American cultural norms. As he journeys across America from Philadelphia to San Francisco, he continually finds himself in trouble with thieves, the law, and Native Americans, yet escapes each trial with unwavering persistence and a steady religious devotion. Set in the mid 1800’s, at the height of the American â€Å"Wild West† era, the film serves as a parody of the traditional Western hero, substituting an inexperienced, yet cagey Jewish Rabbi for the usual hardenedRead MoreThe Myths Of The Underworld1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe underworld reflect many ideas in regard to the journey through hell. In Dante’s Divine Comedy, readers are able to take a deeper look at how myths are represented at a psychological level through the importance of death and rebirth.As Dante progresses through the imaginary journey of Hell, Hell’s inferno is represented by the nine regions arranged around the wall of a huge funnel in nine concentric circles. As the hero, Dante starts his journey by losing his way on the true path of life. DanteRead MoreChris McCandless is NOT a Hero1239 Words   |  5 Pagesman, but his selfish and ultimately complacent attitude towards life and his successes led to his demise. To some, Chris is seen as a hero, a young man who succeeded in every challenge he took on. In Chris’ mind, he was his own greatest hero, â€Å"he was Alexander Supertramp, master of his own destiny† (23). In reality, McCandless was inexperienced and is not a hero nor does he deserve the wild praises he receives. Many people â€Å"live within unhappy circumstances† but do not have the courage to go andRead MoreThe Aeneid : The Struggle Of Establishing An Empire1136 Words   |  5 Pagesestablishing an empire. The beginning of The Aeneid introduces Aeneas, son of the goddess Venus, whose fate is to find a new home in Italy after the fall of Troy. Throughout the perilous journey, Aeneas faces great obstacles as he strives to fulfill his prophecy and gradually transform into the ideal Virgilian hero. To emphasize his growth, I will discuss three themes in this essay: the extent of free will as it relates to fate, the influence of divine beings on mortals, and the p rinciples of moralityRead More The Immortal Heroes of Homer’s Iliad Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesonly one path to the vineyard† (18.565) evokes the element of fate for the heroes. Life is often described in terms of a journey down a road. â€Å"A fork in the road† can suggest a time in a person’s life when he was forced to make an important decision, choosing one path over another. The fact that there is â€Å"only one† road indicates that there is only one way to become an immortal hero, and that is by embracing death. Although Achilleus earlier chose between two fates (9.410-416), when close to death andRead MoreMovie Review : Cinderella 2253 Words   |  10 Pages1999 by directors Kevin Lima and Chris Buck during the monumental third-wave of feminism. Then in 2013 was the release of Frozen, the most critically effective movie fighting for individualism in Disney films. Frozen was created by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee, around the same time as celebrities began to speak up on their views of feminism and on women’s physique. In the 1950’s women were expected to be stay at home, flawless mothers and obedient wives. Cinderella represents to young kids a princessRead MoreThe Unnamed Man s Imminent Downfall1506 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluating the man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† that was traveling to â€Å"the boys†, it can be inferred that he had many flaws in his personality and in his attitude (London 549). Others might have been blinded by the other pieces of evidence suggesting he was a hero, an intelligent man, or a great outdoorsman. This unnamed man, who has no name for a purpose, is depicted as stubborn and unaffected by obvious warnings in the very beginning of the story. It can be argued that this man is a fool because he disregardedRead MoreThe Story Of The Movie The Great Gatsby And Snow White 1608 Words   |  7 PagesHeroes are found everywhere when Disney is involved. From a prince or princess to secretive toys to the smallest forms of life on earth, a hero can be fo und in anyone. Being attached to one or a few is entirely common. These certain characters may be the ones they look up to. Young girls often choose to look up to a princess, although, they are not what they were over 50 years ago. The very first Disney princess, Snow White, is purely a damsel in distress. The same goes for Aurora who appeared inRead MoreThe Unnamed Man s Imminent Downfall1522 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluating the man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† that was traveling to â€Å"the boys†, it can be inferred that he had many flaws in his personality and in his attitude (London 549). Others might have been blinded by the other pieces of evidence suggesting he was a hero, an intelligent man, or a great outdoorsman. This unnamed man, who has no name for a purpose, is depicted as stubborn and unaffected by obvious warnings of danger in the very beginning of the story. It can be argued that this man is a fool becauseRead MoreThe Issue Of The Future1937 Words    |  8 Pagescast, and that is a coproduction between the United States and South Korea. The main role is portrayed by the face of America very own Capitan the great and courageous Chris Evans has Curtis. Evans like always does a beautiful display of his eternal hero role, and give the viewer great satisfaction with his heroic actions. It also counts with the presence of an Oscar winner actress like it is Octavia Spencer that with her maternal looks make us feel safe. For the South Korea part, we have two great

Contemporary Society for Health Literacy and Health-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Society for Health Literacy and Public Health. Answer: Sociology helps in determining the mentality and the management of the same while determining the different behaviors of the human beings. However, the different perspective of the society has made the subject more difficult to grasp. It is based on the understanding of the the emergence, structure, and self- consciousness that affects the proper determination of the society and its problems. The different perspectives and dimensions of the study of society have made it difficult for the person who has taken steps to understand the different mental setup of the people. The dynamic nature of the study of the society has helped in the development of the concepts that makes the study more comprehensive (Bury). On the other hand, the proper determination of the different aspects of the mentality and the setup of the human behavior has helped in determining the different aspects of the change in the society. Suppose for example, a person observes the social trends of a society closely in order to make an understanding of the trends and the culture of the society that affects the livelihood of the individuals. It can be done only through an understanding of the different mentalities of the people living in the society through the undertaking of a survey. However, the survey will be limited to a certain number of people and an assumption for the rest is required to be taken by t he surveyor. The accuracy of the content in this stage might be compromised while undertaking such an attempt. The diversity and the multi-dimensional mentality of the people make the study of society difficult. The sociological imagination has helped in determining the various aspects of the society and the individuals living in the same and the manner in which both the variables are interlinked with one another (Bury). According to Mills, the sociological imagination has helped in determining the relationship between the personal experience and the wider society. It helps in determining the relationships between the issues faced by the individuals and the issues faced by the society and the manner in which they are interlinked. Government of the nation plays a major role in determining the wellbeing of the people living in the society. The major aspects of the effects that are being played by the government in framing the policies and the legislations affect the livelihood of the individuals living in the society. It can be stated through a contemporary example where the Australian economy is facing issues due to the unemployment and the unaffordable house rents. The issues that are being faced by the Australian society is based on the policies and the legislation that is being planned by the government of the nation and the manner in which it affected the economy of the people living in the society. It has affected the livelihood of the people living in the society at the individual levels. Unemployment and the lack of resources have affected the lives of the people narrowing their scope of growth. On the other hand, the major issue that is being faced by the people living in the society is based on the higher rate of rent, which seems to be unaffordable to the majority of the people. It reflects on the social life led by the individuals (Lyon). The lack of the proper financial resources has affected the growth of the people and thereby has affected the needs of the people. The standard of living is hampered through the financial crisis in the society. On the other hand, the issue that is being faced by the broader society is based on the economic crisis resulting to the degrading productivity. The economic crisis has affected the growth of the multinational organization is the market of the nation which will be affecting the GDP of the nation and its productivity in the international markets (Meyer). This will again affect the standard of living of the people living in the society. The economic issues that are faced by the nation are based on the financial crisis, poverty and the differences between the rich and the poor has created a situation of imbalance in the society of the nation. It has affected the health and the wellbeing of the people living in the society due to the lower healthcare options made available to them. In the broader level, the economic crisis of the society has resulted to the degradation in the standard of living of the unfortunate communities. It is estimated that some 32% of the Australians are subjected to the imbalance in the society due to the economic instability (Ekman and Erik 290). On the other hand, it has affected the health and the wellbeing of the individuals living in the communities. The desired growth that is being planned by the nation is hindered through the economic crisis and the unemployment of the individuals in the nation. It has affected the nation while undertaking its growth in the international markets. The compare and contrast of the issues faced by the individual level and the broader senses will be helping in determining the different aspects of the same issue. The interdependence of the society and the individuals relating to their growth is based on the understanding of the different factors that intertwines them (Sanford). The wellbeing and the health of the individuals in the society help in determining the growth of the society. The society is determined through the wellbeing of the individuals living in the society. The problems that might be faced in the individual level will also be affecting the society. The example that is being illustrated as a part of this discussion has helped in the proper understanding of the interdependence of the society and the individuals while determining the issues faced by both (Srensen). The economic issues have affected the health and the livelihood of the people. On the other hand, the economic crisis in the society has affected the wellb eing of the people living in the communities resulting to the lack of productivity. Therefore, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the proper understanding of the issues that are being faced by the people in the individual level corresponds to the issues in the society. The intertwined nature of the individuals with the society affects the variables largely. The major aspect of the change that is being undertaken by the government has helped in defining the issues that are being faced by the people living in the society. On the other hand, the proper understanding of the different aspects of issues helps in bringing forth changes in the society and the individuals. The proper understanding of the requisites of the individual helps in bringing forth improvements in the social structure and its functioning. On the other hand, the different issues that are being faced by the individuals affect the growth and the evolution of the society. Therefore, as the individuals together constitute the society. it is the effort of the people who brings in change in the society through the understanding of the issues and resolving the same. References Bury, Michael.Health and illness in a changing society. Routledge, 2013. Ekman, Joakim, and Erik Amn. "Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology."Human affairs22.3 (2012): 283-300. Lyon, David.The information society: Issues and illusions. John Wiley Sons, 2013. Meyer, Ilan H. "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence." (2013): 3. Mills, C. Wright.The sociological imagination. Oxford University Press, 2000. Sanford, Nevitt.Self and society: Social change and individual development. Routledge, 2017. Srensen, Kristine, et al. "Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models."BMC public health12.1 (2012): 80.

Business Economics for Sustainable Living- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Economicsfor Aspects of Sustainable Living. Answer: Introduction Sustainability has some main pillars or rather aspects and these aspects were identified in the year 2005 during the world summit on social development. These aspects contribute to the social science and philosophy of sustainable development. These aspects have formed the backbone of dealing with the main areas that the world focuses on. As described by Brundtland commission, sustainability is a development aspect which meets the present needs with no compromise of the future generations abilities in meeting their needs (Holden and Linnerud, p 175). Therefore the future has to be considered while making present decisions. The main two aspects include economic development ad environment aspects. Economic Aspect Most people have had disagreements based on political ideologies regarding what is and is not economically sound. It has thus proven to be very problematic. The manner in which this aspect affects business, jobs and employability is also still a debatable issue. Economic development mostly deals with the process of how business incentives are provided in situations where such businesses and other organizations are supposed to adhere to the sustainable guidelines that are found beyond their normal requirements for legislation (Ellis and Moarif, p 11). This aspect also encourages and fosters incentives for an average person in which they are able to do their activities to the much they can. Its seen that an individual may not achieve as much as a group would have because for some effects to be felt they have to be cumulative. The consumer nature of the supply and demand market has made the need for many resources in the modern life to be very high on a daily basis. From the environmental aspect what matters most is how we get whatever that needs to be consumed. Therefore if people are given whatever they want with no compromise to the quality of life then this is referred to as economic development. This is more relevant in the developing countries where reduction in the financial burden and the red tape of doing things right is still a big issue to deal with (Chan and Lee, p 249). For economic sustainability to be felt the human community in the globe should be able to sustain their independence and gain access to the required resources as well as finances so as to meet their needs with ease. The systems of economy ought to be intact and all the activities be made available to everyone for instance their needs to be sources of livelihood that are secure enough. The economic sustainability is involved with ensuring that businesses in place are able to make profits and their operations do not in any way create environmental and social issues which are likely to harm the success of the business which may be envisioned to be long-term. If any nation focuses on environmental and social issues the profitability of the economy will definitely flow. This is because most of the social initiatives tend to have a great impact on the behaviors of commodity consumers as well as the performance of employees (Perrini, Russo and Tencati, p 291). On the other hand environmental initiatives like efficiency in energy supply and mitigation of pollution has a direct impact on waste reduction creating a good environment for the economy. Environmental Aspect Most people know what they need to do to protect the environment and especially from pollution. However the small things that have been neglected are some of key contributors to environmental pollution and thus loss in terms of sustainability. Such things like recycling, reduction in power consumption through switching off power when not in use, walking some short distances as opposed to using vehicles if assumed can lead to great environmental destruction. There are regulations for businesses in which they are supposed to keep the carbon emissions low as well as prevent pollution. Incentives exists which promote projects for installing power sources that are renewable in businesses and homes. This aspect is thus the main concern regarding the future of humanity (Dempsey, p 257). This aspect offers definition on how the environment should be protected and a lot of focus is placed on elements that seem to stress the environment. Its concerned with how technology can be used to drive a future that is green. The developments that focus on biotechnology and technology are important to attaining environmental sustainability and thus protect the future environment from any damage that may be caused by technological advances (UNPF, p 7). To attain environmental sustainability ecological integrity has to be maintained. The earths environmental systems need to be kept in balance and the natural resources in the environment need to be consumed by human beings at a rate in which they can replenish themselves. The systems and activities in place should also be able to reduce the impact of the environment on the environment. When it comes to the resources that are renewable the rate at which they are harvested is not supposed to exceed the rate at which they regenerate back (Maslow, p 58). In relation to pollution the rate at which wastes are generated from the ongoing projects should not go beyond the capacity for assimilation by the environment. In case of the nonrenewable resources their depletion requires the development of substitutes that are renewable. Such goals include zero waste by the organization, reduction in the use of plastic bags and coming up with initiatives that reduce carbon footprint through management of energy consumption (Ebner, p 8). Some organizations like Nestle have identified the main priority areas regarding environmental sustainability such as agricultural raw materials, water, packaging that is specific to their beverages and food and manufacturing and distribution. In relation to energy use Verizon company has initiatives that aim at environmental sustainability like the recycling of telecom equipment and reduction in energy use through provision of flexible working conditions at work, it has also worked on reducing intensity in carbon and getting some more efficient solutions to its fleet that is eco-friendly (Jackson, P 21). Therefore this environmental aspect aims at acknowledging the necess ity of enhancing and maintaining the biophysical systems which sustain life with a focus on the natural ecosystem structure and the interactions which exist among them. Relevant Innovations to Ensure Sustainability Innovative ideas have contributed a lot when it comes to ensuring sustainability is achieved in different sectors such as environment, economic sector and even the social sector. Such innovations include; innovation from new light technologies have invented air carbon which is a plastic material that is carbon neutral produced from greenhouse gases such as methane (Eurostat P 15). This is used in the packaging and furniture industries in which it matches oil based plastics both in performance and price. This innovation has helped solve the issue of non biodegradable nature of plastic bags. High energy savings have also been archived by the use of view intelligent window. This window regulates the light and temperature of the room in which its used. Its been mainly designed for commercial buildings so as to eliminate the need for shades and blinds. Outerwall Company has recently introduced outerwallecoATM which is a network of recycling kiosks that are automated for the tech products (Jacobs P 36). Customers can easily follow simple steps and be able to recycle old tablets and phones and any other electronics and receive cash in exchange. Powwow energy is an innovation in which unnecessary losses of resources especially water are prevented. The powwow energy detects any water leaks from an irrigation system that is used in agriculture and informs the farmers immediately for repair. The Retroficiency software is designed to fight losses of energy in buildings. The data sets are used b y Retroficiency to make suggestions on energy saving ideas for both businesses and homes. It works on the combination of both energy analytics and the models of buildings with the use of data that they get from the already existing energy audits to give out ideas relating to energy saving. The BioTrans system is used in restaurants where its installed to collect and grind any leftovers into a biomass that is homogenous (Jenks and Dempsey, P 175). There has been the invention of DessoThe AirMaster a form of carpet which is used to capture pollutant particles and fine dust from rooms thus providing healthier indoor climates. Its made of recycled carpets and proves to be better than the hardwood flooring when related to prevention of allergies. Conclusion From the discussion above its evident that sustainability is not just matters environment but in the many definitions of sustainability we are able to find the concerns about social equity and the development of the economy. Its in this regard that the motivations behind sustainability are in most cases diverse, complex and personal. It is almost unrealistic for one to come up with a list as to why many people are working hard to achieve this goal. Thus sustainability in most cases boils down to the future the current generation is leaving for the next generation. These aspects of sustainability are therefore shared by many people who aim at demonstrating their importance in developing many policies. Its therefore the duty of the people in todays generation along with those of the future to create solutions that are adaptable and aim at fostering sustainability. When a company chooses to define sustainability with the two aspects in mind then its easier to determine its own successful road that is sustainable. If any one of the aspects is weak or given less attention then the whole system of an organization may become unsustainable since they are both interlinked. References Chan E, and Lee GKL. 2008. Critical factors for improving social sustainability of urban renewal projects. Social Indicators Research 85: 243256. Dempsey N. 2008b. Quality of the built environment in urban neighbourhoods. Planning Practice and Research 23: 249264. Ebner D. 2008. Assessing Corporate Social Responsibility in Industrial Firms: the CSR-Assessment. Pg 8. Montanuniversitt Leoben Ellis, J. and Moarif, S., 2009. GHG mitigation actions: MRV issues and options. Draft for review. OECD/IEA Project for the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC, Paris.pg 5-15 Eurostat, 2009. Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe. 2009 monitoring report of the EU sustainable development strategy. Pg 13-19. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Holden E, and Linnerud K. 2007. The sustainable development area: satisfying basic needs and safeguarding ecological sustainability. Sustainable Development 15: 174185. Jackson, T., 2009. Prosperity without growth? Transition to a sustainable economy. Sustainable Development Commission, London p 21. Jacobs M. 1999. Sustainable development as a contested concept. In Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Dobson A (ed.). Oxford University Press: Oxford; 2145. Jenks M and Dempsey N. 2007. Defining the neighbourhood: challenges for empirical research. Town Planning Review 78: 153177. Maslow, H.A., 1968. Toward Psychology of Being, 3rd Edition 1999. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pg 55-61. Perrini F, Russo A and Tencati A. 2007. CSR strategies of SMEs and large fi rms. Evidence from Italy. Journal of Business Ethics 74(3): 285300. UNPF (United Nations Population Fund). 2007. State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. UNFPA: New York. Pg 4-10.

Child Abuse Problems and Its Effects on a Future Childs Life

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Study Guide

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Study Guide Written by experimental author Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote does not follow the format of a traditional short story. While a standard 20th-century short story describes a conflict that builds steadily towards a crisis, climax, and resolution, Borgess story imitates (and often parodies) an academic or scholarly essay. The title character of Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote is a poet and literary critic from France-and is also, unlike a more traditional title character, dead by the time the story begins. The narrator of Borgess text is one of Menards friends and admirers. In part, this narrator is moved to write his eulogy because misleading accounts of the newly-deceased Menard have begun to circulate: Already Error is attempting to tarnish his bright Memory†¦ Most decidedly, a brief rectification is imperative (88). Borgess narrator begins his rectification by listing all of the visible lifework of Pierre Menard, in proper chronological order (90). The twenty or so items on the narrators list include translations, collections of sonnets, essays on intricate literary topics, and finally a handwritten list of lines of poetry that owe their excellence to punctuation (89-90). This overview of Menards career is the preface to a discussion of Menards single most innovative piece of writing. Menard left behind an unfinished masterpiece which consists of the ninth and thirty-eighth chapters of Part I of Don Quixote and a fragment of Chapter XXII (90). With this project, Menard didnt aim to merely transcribe or copy Don Quixote, and he didnt attempt to produce a 20th-century updating of this 17th-century comic novel. Instead, Menards admirable ambition was to produce a number of pages which coincided-word for word and line for line with those of Miguel de Cervantes, the original author of the Quixote (91). Menard achieved this re-creation of the Cervantes text without really re-creating Cervantess life. Instead, he decided that the best route was continuing to be Pierre Menard and coming to the Quixote through the experiences of Pierre Menard (91). Although the two versions of the Quixote chapters are absolutely identical, the narrator prefers the Menard text. Menards version is less reliant on local color, more skeptical of historical truth, and on the whole more subtle than Cervantess (93-94). But on a more general level, Menards Don Quixote establishes and promotes revolutionary ideas about reading and writing. As the narrator notes in the final paragraph, Menard has (perhaps unwittingly) enriched the slow and rudimentary art of reading by means of a new technique the technique of deliberate anachronism and fallacious attribution (95). Following Menards example, readers can interpret canonical texts in fascinating new ways by attributing them to authors who didnt actually write them. Background and Contexts Don Quixote and World Literature: Published in two installments in the early 17th century, Don Quixote is regarded by many readers and scholars as the first modern novel. (For literary critic Harold Bloom, Cervantes’s importance to world literature is rivaled only by Shakespeare’s.) Naturally, Don Quixote would have intrigued an avant-garde Argentine author like Borges, partially because of its impact on Spanish and Latin American literature, and partially because of its playful approach to reading and writing. But there is another reason why Don Quixote is especially appropriate to â€Å"Pierre Menard†- because Don Quixote spawned unofficial imitations in its own time. The unauthorized sequel by Avellaneda is the most famous of these, and Pierre Menard himself can be understood as the latest in a line of Cervantes imitators. Experimental Writing in the 20th Century: Many of the world-famous authors who came before Borges crafted poems and novels that are built largely of quotations, imitations, and allusions to earlier writings. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land- a long poem that uses a disorienting, fragmentary style and draws constantly on myths and legends- is one example of such reference-heavy writing. Another example is James Joyce’s Ulysses, which mixes bits of everyday speech with imitations of ancient epics, medieval poetry, and Gothic novels. This idea of an â€Å"art of appropriation† also influenced painting, sculpture, and installation art. Experimental visual artists such as Marcel Duchamp created â€Å"ready-made† artworks by taking objects from everyday life- chairs, postcards, snow shovels, bicycle wheels- and putting them together in strange new combinations. Borges situates â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† in this growing tradition of quotation and appropriation. (In fact, the final sentence of the story refers to James Joyce by name.) But â€Å"Pierre Menard† also shows how the art of appropriation can be taken to a comical extreme and does so without exactly lighting earlier artists; after all, Eliot, Joyce, and Duchamp all created works that are meant to be humorous or absurd. Key Topics Menard’s Cultural Background: Despite his choice of Don Quixote, Menard is mainly a product of French literature and French culture- and makes no secret of his cultural sympathies. He is identified in Borges’s story as a â€Å"Symbolist from Nà ®mes, a devotee essentially of Poe- who begat Baudelaire, who begat Mallarmà ©, who begat Valà ©ry† (92). (Though born in America, Edgar Allan Poe had an enormous French following after his death.) In addition, the bibliography that starts off â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† includes â€Å"a study of the essential metrical rules of French prose, illustrated with examples taken from Saint-Simon† (89). Oddly enough, this ingrained French background helps Menard to understand and re-create a work of Spanish literature. As Menard explains, he can easily imagine the universe â€Å"without the Quixote.† For him, â€Å"the Quixote is a contingent work; the Quixote is not necessary. I can premeditate committing it to writing, as it were- I can write it- without falling into a tautology† (92). Borges’s Descriptions: There are many aspects of Pierre Menard’s life- his physical appearance, his mannerisms, and most of the details of his childhood and domestic life- that are omitted from â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote†. This is not an artistic flaw; in fact, Borges’s narrator is fully conscious of these omissions. Given the opportunity, the narrator consciously backs away from the task of describing Menard, and explains his reasons in the following footnote: â€Å"I did, I might say, have the secondary purpose of drawing a small sketch of the figure of Pierre Menard- but how dare I compete with the gilded pages I am told the Baroness de Bacourt is even now preparing, or with the delicate sharp crayon of Carolus Hourcade?† (90). Borges’s Humor: â€Å"Pierre Menard† can be read as a send-up of literary pretensions- and as a piece of gentle self-satire on Borges’s part. As Renà © de Costa writes in Humor in Borges, â€Å"Borges creates two outlandish types: the adulating critic who worships a single author, and the worshiped author as a plagiarist, before ultimately inserting himself into the story and rounding things out with a typical self-parody.† In addition to praising Pierre Menard for questionable accomplishments, Borges’s narrator spends much of the story criticizing â€Å"Mme. Henri Bachelier,† another literary type who admires Menard. The narrator’s willingness to go after someone who is, technically, on his side- and to go after her for rather obscure reasons- is another stroke of ironic humor. As for Borges’s humorous self-criticism, de Costa notes that Borges and Menard have strangely similar writing habits. Borges himself was known among his friends for â€Å"his square-ruled notebooks, his black crossings-out, his peculiar typographical symbols, and his insect-like handwriting† (95, footnote). In the story, all of these things are attributed to the eccentric Pierre Menard. The list of Borges stories that poke gentle fun at aspects of Borges’s identity- â€Å"Tlà ¶n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius†, â€Å"Funes the Memorious†, â€Å"The Aleph†, â€Å"The Zahir†- is considerable, though Borges’s most extensive discussion of his own identity occurs in â€Å"The Other†. A Few Discussion Questions How would â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote† be different if it centered on a text other than Don Quixote? Does Don Quixote seem like the most appropriate choice for Menard’s strange project, and for Borges’s story? Should Borges have focused his satire on a totally different selection from world literature?Why did Borges use so many literary allusions in â€Å"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote†? How do you think Borges wants his readers to react to these allusions? With respect? Annoyance? Confusion?How would you characterize the narrator of Borges’s story? Do you feel that this narrator is simply a stand-in for Borges, or are Borges and the narrator very different in major ways?Are the ideas about writing and reading that appear in this story totally absurd? Or can you think of real-life reading and writing methods that recall Menard’s ideas? Note on Citations All in-text citations refer to Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, pages 88-95 in Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions (Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Books: 1998).

Sam's Liability for SamCom Ltd's Obligations Essay

Sam's Liability for SamCom Ltd's Obligations - Essay Example Promoters also have a fiduciary duty to the shareholders, as he stands in the same position as a company director. As such, Sam cannot make a secret profit and he must have full disclosure with any transaction that he takes while he is the promoter of the company. He also cannot serve himself at the expense of the shareholders (Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas 1218). The facts state that the business that became SamCom Ltd was valued at ?50,000, yet the business was sold to SamCom Ltd for ?90,000. This might be a breach of Sam’s fiduciary duty to his shareholders (Cahn & McDonald, 2010), if he did not disclose that his company was worth substantially less than what SamCom Ltd. paid for it. The solicitor who Sam hired to take the necessary steps for incorporation, however, is not considered a promoter, as Re Great Wheal Polgooth Co. Ltd. (1883) 53 LJ Ch 42 established that persons who are acting as a professional capacity at the behest of the promoter, such as solicitors, do not become promoters. As for the contract to buy the silicon chips for ?5,000, this is a pre-incorporation contract, and the company would not be bound on this contract. This was established in the case of Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174, which established that pre-incorporation contracts do not bind the company. ... was incorporated, so the company would not be bound by this contract. Separate Personality of the Company and Lifting the Veil On the facts, it may be assumed that this is a closely held corporation. This does not, however, negate the separate legal personality of SamCom Ltd. According to established English law, a corporation is a separate legal personality who has the ability to sue and be sued and hold debts in its name (Wild & Weinstein, 2011). Moreover, the fact that only one person is a corporation does not defeat the separate legal personality of the corporation. This was established in the seminal case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22. In this case, Salomon made leather boots, and he was basically the sole bona fide shareholder of his company. The company went into liquidation, and the creditors attempted to make Salomon personally liable for the company's debts. The Salomon court held that, as long as a company is a legal entity, then the business, and the debts, bel ongs to the company, not to the shareholder(s). In this case, the lower courts had attempted to say that Salomon himself was liable, because he was the only interested shareholder – the other shareholders were his family members, and they were disinterested. The House of Lords held, however, that this does not defeat the claim of corporate personality. Therefore, this case may be applied to the facts, in that SamCom Ltd. is a closely held corporation, but, as per Salomon, the corporation would still have a separate legal personality and Salomon further demonstrated that corporations, because they are separate legal entities, will be liable for the debts incurred by

Rewrite the essay to meet the english academic standards

Rewrite the to meet the english academic standards - Essay Example This method provides social workers with the opportunity to focus on the individual needs, in order to bring about changes to the service user situations. The effectiveness of the task centered approach is clearly identified from the great outcomes at the end of the intervention. There is an element which is usually important to recognize when using the task centered approach; that is, when service users are facing problems they have also the means to solve them. The social worker in partnership with the service users will come across solutions to the problem in question. This approach provides social workers with a duty to empower service users while using it. (Coulshed & Orme, 2006). Moving on to the task centered principles, mutual clarity between worker and service user about the purpose of their interactions is required. This is achieved when good communication is maintained between them. This model is very practical as it allows the service user to make smaller and meaningful changes. This model is limited as it can not deal with more than three issues in order to ensure effectiveness of the intervention. It requires work in partnership and maximum collaboration from the service user. The intervention should be measured to ensure its effectiveness. The social worker and service user should evaluate the outcomes to ensure positive results (Healy, 2005) When applying the task centered model with a clear aim to succeed in the intervention with service users, five sequential phases it should be observed; both the social worker and service user should be absolutely clear of the process of the intervention. Clear explanations must be provided by the social worker, including the time limited process. In addition, the social worker should explore the service user’s situation to find out why the problems have occurred, and identify the relevant issues needed to be addressed. Moving on to the second phase of the intervention, once all the

Planning For Clarity (Language Learning) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning For Clarity (Language Learning) - Essay Example The second step has the students interacting with each other while the tutor monitors this session like a referee. The first step when the tutor engages in teaching and interacting the students find an opportunity to loosen their guards from inhibitive apprehensions and become responsive. This is the time when the tutor holds the fort teaching and instructing, questioning and gingerly allowing students to respond to queries. The tutor/students interactions may begin with the tutor allowing students 10% of the time to answer questions. The tutor may then increase the number of questions and gradually extend the question/answers hour to 90%, transferring the session to the second step when the students begin interacting with each other using study material and discussions. It is crucially important to organize the interaction sessions with content rich and well designed study material so that the students get exposure to language learning resources. These study material must be condensed and balanced so that the contents appear neither inadequate nor cluttered. The class must be divided into 3 or 4 groups to allow for group discussions and preparation before the final competition. (Judy Haynes) The SIOP strategy invokes use of first language in the learning process of the second language. This bilingual approach puts the students at ease as they are materially prepared to grasp the second language more easily being acquainted with the lesson contents having understood them from their presentation in their own language. Since the study material are also biliteral, that is, scripted in the first and second languages, all the students have to do is grasp the text and grammar of the second language. The process of application is a workshop involving reading, writing, listening and speaking. The study material must adequately cover all of these. The tutor must allow time for students to learn on trial and error rote. The exercise must allow ample time for students to stir their mental aptitudes with language learning. (Bilingual/ESL Education Program, p7) Conclusion The SIOP strategy makes learning simple and user-friendly. Being connected to the mother tongue, its approach is that of a friendly neighbor. The tutor must adorn the role of the friendly neighbor. It goes without saying that the tutor must be thoroughly conversant with the first and second languages. The students' success totally depends on the tutor's approach with the curriculum and study material providing the vital links in the process. One learns the first language in an informal atmosphere of abandon and care. The process is much the same for the second language. Sources: Bilingual/ESL Education Program, Instructional Model, 15 November, 2005, Updated September 2007, Brownsville Independent School District, Texas, http://www.bisd.us/Bilingual_Education/INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL UPDATED SEPT 2007.pdf Judy Haynes, SIOP: Making Content Comprehensible for ELLs, everythingELS.net,

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal The preparation of Terbium hydroxide nanowires  by hydrothermal method The single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies was successfully prepared from Tb2O3 powder by adjusting the concentration of acetic acid under hydrothermal condition. The influence of the concentration of acetic acid and reaction temperature on the crystalline phase and morphologies of Tb(OH)3 products was discussed. The concentration of acetic acid plays a key role in determining the products morphology. Eventually, the mechanism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed. Keywords: Tb(OH)3, nanowires, spindle, rare earth, hydrothermal. Introduction Rare-earth elements are a group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium because of their similar chemical properties. The oxides of rare-earth elements have been extensive used in past decades because of their optic, electric, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which are caused by their unique electronic structures and numerous transition modes involving the 4f shells of their ions. These properties strongly depend on the composition, morphology and dimensionality of products, which are sensitive to the bonding states of rare earth ions. In recent years, many important materials have been prepared in the form of nanowires to generate some unexpected properties. Nanowires represent a class of quasi-one-dimensional materials, in which carrier motion is restricted in two directions so that they usually exhibit significant photochemical, physical, and electron-transport properties which differ from that of bulk or nanoparticle materials. Recently, three dimensional (3D) nanostructured architectures have been explored for a new generation of advanced devices such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, and sensors owing to some improved properties originating from their nanobuilding blocks and the manners in which they are organized. Up to now, a wide variety of inorganic materials, including metal,6a metal oxide,6b–d hydrate,6e borate,6f molybdate,6g,h and tungstate,6i have been successfully prepared with complex 3D hierarchical shapes by the solution-phase chemical method, due to its low cost and potential advantage for large-scale production. However, exploration of reasonable synthetic methods for controlled construction of complex 3D architectures of other inorganic functional materials via a chemical self-assembly route is still an intensive and hot research topic. In the controlled construction of self-assembly of 1D or 2D nanobuilding blocks into 3D novel nanoarchitectures, copolymers and surfactants always play important roles due to their directing functions during the aggregation process as well as their stabilizing effects in equilibrium systems. [Lu-1] For example, who and who reported the Who et al. have described systematically the †¦ However, there are only several report on the synthesis of Among the family of rare earth compounds, the terbium oxide is the important functional rare earth material. It had been used as a promising candidate for ceramic pigments, catalysts, promoters and stabilizers in combustion catalysts, oxygen-storage components, and materials with higher electrical conductivity. In addition, terbium hydroxides are of great importance because rare earth oxides can be straight formed through dehydration from hydroxides. To date, many terbium hydroxides particles have been synthesized via a hydrothermal route due to the advantages of high purity and good homogeneity, and the corresponding structured rare earth oxides were made by calcining the precursors. [Lu-1] In the present work, we exploited a one-step hydrothermal route to prepare nano-scale terbium hydroxide with various morphologies. In addition, the mechanism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed. The reaction mechanism leading to the lutetium oxide precursor and the self-assembly process were discussed. A possible formation mechanism for the morphology evolution of these microstructures was suggested, which was not reported before. Experimental section: 2.1. Preparation of Tb(OH)3 precursors All chemicals with analytical grade were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan, and used without further purification. A detailed description of the preparation process is as follows: 15 mL of acetic acid solution with various concentrations (0.001~0.2M) and 0.45 g of Tb2O3were placed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The autoclave was sealed, heated in an electric oven to 200  °C at a heating rate of 5  °C/min, and maintained at 200  °C for 6 h with rotation for agitation. The autoclave was then cooled to room temperature via air quenching. The precipitate was collected using a centrifuge, washed with distilled water, and dried at room temperature. In order to investigate the mechanism, the reaction temperature and reaction time were appropriately changed. The pure water, sodium hydroxide and the other type of solutions were used as the solvent instead of acetic acid solution. 2.3. Characterization Powder X-ray diffractions (XRD) were performed using a Rigaku RTP-300RC diffractometer operating at 40 kV and 100 mA with Cu Kà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ radiation (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬) 1.54056 ÃŽ ¼m. The patterns were collected in the range of 10 ° to 70 ° with a 0.02 ° step and scanning speed of 4 °/min. The micrographs of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were obtained using a JEOL JSM-6500F electron microscope operating at 15 kV. The samples were heated in air at a ramp rate of 10  ºC/min. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu FTIR-8200PC spectrophotometer at room temperature. Result and discussion 3.1. Influence of acetic acid concentration on the phase and morphology of the obtained precursors The chemical composition and crystal structure of the samples were firstly determined by XRD measurements. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of as-prepared samples in the various concentrations of acetic acid solution. It is easy found that when the concentration of HAc was lower than 0.15M (fig.1a~e), the XRD patterns can be indexed to be a pure hexagonal phase of Tb(OH)3, in agreement with the reported data (JCPDS 83-2038) with lattice constants a=6.3150 Ã… and c=3.6030Ã…. With the enhancement of concentration of HAc, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually reduced, meanwhile the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increased gradually. It means that the crystallinity of products and crystalline grain were gradually decreased. It is important to note that the relative intensity ratio of (110) and (101) peaks was changed with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH, suggesting that the preferential growth along c-axis occurs with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH . When the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M, an unknown phase was formed. The XRD patters showed the compound have the layered structure according to the d value. In order to determine the chemical composition of the unknown phase, the Infrared spectra was allowed to use. Fig.2 shows the FT-IR spectra for the as-prepared simples. The typical peaks of Tb(OH)3 products (fig2.a~e)were found at ca. 3610 and 670 cm-1. In accordance with the results in literature, these two bands can be associated with OH stretching and with Tb-OH bending modes in the hydroxide[à ¦-†¡Ãƒ §Ã…’ ®]. The FTIR spectra show that these products are free of organic byproducts. The IR spectra of the unknown phase (fig2.f) show additional adsorption bands at 3380, 2924 , 2853,1568, 1443 and 1011 cm-1. The occurrence of a broad 3390 cm-1 band is attributed to residual traces of water in the sample. The bands at 2924 and 2853 cm-1 correspond to –CH3 stretching and –CH3 against stretching vibration, respectively. These bands are located between 1568 and 1443 cm-1, which are typical for stretching vibrations of carboxylate groups Va(COO-) and Vs(COO-), resp ectively[à ¦-†¡Ãƒ §Ã…’ ®]. The band at 1011 cm-1 corresponds to Tb-OH bending vibration. On the basis of the IR spectraà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the precursor material is assumed to contain metal acetate hydrate and metallic hydrate (Tb(CH3COO)X(OH)Y†¢H2O). The SEM images of several typical samples with distinct morphologies are presented in Fig.3a-f. It is found that the concentration of acetic acid (HAc) plays a key role in determining the product morphology. Tb(OH)3 could be obtained at concentration between 0.001 to 0.15M. At low HAc concentration (fig.3a), the obtained product is composed of granular aggregates and it was difficult to distinguish each other. A slight increase in concentration to 0.01M (fig.3b), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m and length up to 5 ÃŽ ¼m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. The diameter of these nanowires ranges from 50 to 100 nanometers. As HAc concentration was further increased to 0.03M (fig.3c), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 2ÃŽ ¼m and length more than 10ÃŽ ¼m were obtained. When HAc concentration was added to 0.1 M (fig.3d), the length of the bundles of nanowires was fu rther increase to more than 12ÃŽ ¼m along with the decrease of the diameter. At the same time, the diameter of the nanowires also gradually reduced. To further increase the concentration of HAc to 0.15M (fig.3e), the bundles of nanowires began to varying degrees of separation, some single nanowires began to form. These nanostructures are found to be in a wide scale of size, ranging in diameter from less than 12ÃŽ ¼m to more than 2 ÃŽ ¼m. Finally, when the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M (fig.3f), the SEM photograph also showed that this compound consisted of plate-like crystals, which is in agreement with the XRD result. 3.2à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Effect of temperature To determine the effect of temperature, the Tb2O3 with 15ml 0.067M CH3COOH solution were hydrothermally treated at 100, 160, 200, 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 6h. According to the XRD patterns, the pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was only obtained at hydrothermal temperature above 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, while only a small amount of Tb(OH)3 was formed at 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, and most of products proved to be raw material Tb2O3. With the increase of reaction temperature to above 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the raw material Tb2O3 disappeared, and pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was obtained. When the temperature was increased to 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the crystallinity of Tb(OH)3 was significantly increased. The hydrothermal temperature has a great impact on the size of the terbium hydroxide precursors. Figure 5 shows typical SEM images of Tb(OH)3 in 0.067 mol/L HAc solution at various temperature. It can be seen that the a few microfiber-like structure of Tb(OH)3 was formed at low temperature of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™(Fig.5a). When the temperature reached to 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the uniform microfibers of Tb(OH)3 nanowires with length of about 13 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m were obtained(Fig.5b). With the enhancement of reaction temperature, the length of microfibers gradually increased, as well as the diameter of nanowires (inset in Fig.5b and Fig.5d). The more quantity of microfibers was formed at high reaction temperature than the low temperature. In addition these microfibers grew very slowly as the extension of reaction time at high temperature of 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Details of results are as shown in table1. That is because the reaction rate of the dissolving – recrystallization increases at high temperature, a large number of crystal nucleus has been quickly formed in the initial stage of reaction. In the case of no changing the total amount of raw materials, the smaller grain size has been formed under the condition of higher temperature. Meanwhile, the defect of products is less at high temperature than low temperature. Therefore the diameter of nanowires of microfibers at high temperature is bigger than at low temperature. 3.3. Effect of reaction In order to understand the reaction process, the reaction time was changed from 0 to 24h, while the CH3COOH concentration and reaction temperature were fixed to 0.067M and 200à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, respectively, Figure 6 show the XRD results of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200 °C at a heating ramp of 5 °C /min), 0.5h, 2h, and 6h of hydrothermal reaction at 200  °C, respectively. According to the XRD patterns, when the oven reached 200  °C, the characteristic peaks of hexagonal Tb(OH)3 just began to appear in the XRD pattern, as shown in Figure 6a. Most of the characteristic peaks proved to be raw material Tb2O3. The pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained after 30 min of hydrothermal reaction, and with the enhancement of reaction time, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually increased. It means that the crystallinity was gradually increased with the reaction time increased. Figure 7 shows SEM images of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200  °C at a heating ramp of 5  °C /min), 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h of hydrothermal reaction at 200  °C, respectively. When the oven reached 200  °C, the product is composed of starfish-like microstructure (Figure 7a). With the increased of time to 0.5h(fig.7c), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m and length up to 5 ÃŽ ¼m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. As time was further increased to 6h (fig.7d), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 1.5ÃŽ ¼m and length more than 10ÃŽ ¼m were obtained. Finally, when time was increased to 24h (fig.7e), the nanowires of the spindle-like microfibers began to split. 3.4 the effect of CH3COOH on morphology According to the above phenomenon, CH3COOH plays a key role in determining the morphology of products. To determine the effect of CH3COOH on morphology, the pure water, sodium hydroxide, CH3COONa, HCl, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid (L-Ac) solution as the solvent instead of acetic acid. From XRD patterns we can see, no matter what kind of solution was used as a solvent, the pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained. In 5M NaOH solution, the product was composed of nanorods aggregates. In pure water, nanoparticals and some mocrorods aggregates were obtained. (à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ±,à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´,à §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à §Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½c) Figure 9. SEM images of products synthesized from 0.45g of Tb2O3 in (a)10M NaOH solution and (b) pure water at 200 oC for 6h. Conclusion We have used terbium oxide and different concentrations of acetic acid to synthesize the single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies by a hydrothermal method. The concentration of acetic acid, reaction temperature, reaction time and types of solvents strongly affect the morphology and size of products. The morphology of the Tb(OH)3 products changed from granular aggregates, to microfibers of nanowires aggregated, spindle of nanowires, eventually into nanowires with increasing concentration. The crystallinity of the Tb(OH)3 products can be increased by enhanced the reaction temperature. The method utilized in this study to fabricate the terbium hydroxide with tunable morphologies is general and could be extended to synthesize the other rare earth hydroxides by simple adjusting the concentration of acetic acid.

Comparing Suffering in Plaths Ariel, Stings, Lady Lazarus, Wintering,

Portrayal of Suffering in Plath's Ariel, Stings, Lady Lazarus, Wintering, and Fever 103 °Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sylvia Plath's poems evoke the worst of subjective fallacies. Probably some of our charged reactions are symptomatic of the times and the culture; but more of them seem to stem from the always-too-easy identification between troubled poet and what might be the tone of imagery and rhythm of the poem considered. Because Plath worked so intensively in archetypal imagery (water, air, fire as bases for image patterns, for example), many of her poems could be read as either "dark" wasteland kinds of expressions, or as the reverse, as death-by-water, salvation poems--destruction implied, but also survived, phoenix-like. "Ariel," the title poem of the collection that made Plath known to the reading world so soon after her 1962 suicide, is a similarly ambiguous poem, rich in its image patterns of movement-stasis, light-dark, earth-fire. The progression in the poem is from the simply stated "Stasis in darkness," a negative condition as Plath indicates in the very similarly imaged poem "Years," to the ecstatic transformation-through-motion of the closing. That this is a poem about motion is clear from the second image, which seems to be a depiction of the faint light of morning ("substanceless blue pour of tor and distances") yet also stresses the movement of the image--pour, distances. The eye of the reader, like that of the poet, is on what is coming, and the scene that appears is always couched in imagery that includes motion words or impressions. Even the furrows of earth are moving ("splits and passes"). The antagonistic forces in the poem are those contrary to the motion that is so passionately evoked. Set against the unity of... ...e close of "Ariel" suggests the same benizon, "I / Am the arrow, // The dew that flies / Suicidal, at one with the drive / Into the red // Eye, the cauldron of morning." "Then to the elements be free" . . . "at one with the dew." Plath's drive to motion, that sheer impact of energy and force, beyond the "Dead hands, dead stringencies," is the power behind not only "Ariel" but also "Stings," "Lady Lazarus," "Wintering," and "Fever 103 °." That she, with Shakespeare, found such violence as the gale winds "auspicious" is an important index to these passionate and sometimes difficult poems, poems important enough to us that we must learn to read them with an insight closer to Plath's own emphasis, and to her equally personal thematic direction. Works Cited   Linda Wagner, "Plath's 'Ariel': 'Auspicious Gales,'" in Concerning Poetry, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1977, pp. 5-7.

Finagle A Bagels’ upside-down organization chart Essay

1.What does Finagle A Bagel’s upside-down organization chart suggest about the delegation of authority and coordination techniques within the company? Finagle A Bagels’ upside-down organization chart suggests that the people who are normally on top, support the people who are at the bottom, such as the general managers and workers. This gives general managers the authority to do whatever it takes to alleviate problems in their stores or increase sales. 2.Is Finagle A Bagel a tall or flat organization? How do you know? Finagle A Bagel is a Flat Organization. Flat organizations generally are more responsive to customer demands since decision making power may be given to lower-level employees which is what Finagle a bagel does. Whereas tall organizations have many layers of management which can cause communication to be distorted as if flows from one manager to next before reaching the employee dealing solely with the customer. 3.What values seem to saturate Finagle A Bagel’s corporate culture? The values that seem to permeate Finagles A Bagels’ corporate culture is team work, positive work ethic and strong a support system. 4.Why would Finagle A Bagel build a dough factory that has more capacity than the company needs to supply its stores and its wholesale customers? A reason why Finagle A bagel would build a dough factory that has more capacity than the company needs would be to account for future business growth. By purchasing a factory that is able to produce more then what they currently need, they are leaving open the option of expansion without having to spend more revenue on another factory to compensate for growth.

Colin Ferguson and the Long Island Railroad Massacre

Colin Ferguson and the Long Island Railroad Massacre On Dec. 7, 1993, Colin Ferguson, a man long bothered by what he considered racism, boarded a Long Island commuter train and began shooting at the passengers with a pistol. The incident, known as the Long Island Railroad Massacre, resulted in six people killed and 19 injured. Background Ferguson was born on Jan. 14, 1958, in Kingston, Jamaica, to Von Herman and May Ferguson. Herman was the managing director for Hercules Agencies, a large pharmaceutical company. He was highly regarded and one of the most prominent businessmen in Jamaica. Colin and his four brothers enjoyed many of the privileges that come with wealth in a city where extreme poverty is common. He attended Calabar High School and, from all appearances, was a good student who participated in sports. At the time of his graduation in 1974, his grade average was in the top third of his class. Fergusons idyllic life came to an abrupt halt in 1978, when his father was killed in a car crash. His mother died from cancer not long afterward. Soon after both parents died, Ferguson had to cope with the loss of the family fortune. All the losses left him deeply disturbed. Move to the United States At 23, Ferguson decided to leave Kingston and move to the U.S. on a visitors visa, hoping for a fresh start and a good job on the East Coast. It didnt take long for his excitement to turn to frustration: The only jobs he could find were low-paying and menial, and he blamed racism in America. Three years after his arrival in the U.S., he met and married Audrey Warren, an American citizen of Jamaican descent who understood the cultural differences that affected her husbands ability to get along. She was patient and understanding when he lost his temper and went into rages, expressing his racial bigotry toward white people who he felt stood in his way. The couple moved to a home in Long Island, where he continued to rage about the mistreatment and disrespect he was shown by white Americans. He had been born to one of the top families in Kingston, and government and military luminaries had attended his fathers funeral. But in America, he felt he was treated as nothing. His hatred toward white people was deepening. Married bliss didnt last long for the couple. Warren found her new husband to be hostile and aggressive. They fought regularly and more than once the police were called to their home to break up a fight. Just two years into the marriage, Warren divorced Ferguson, stating differing social views as the reason. Ferguson was emotionally crushed by the divorce. He did clerical work for Ademco Security Group until Aug. 18, 1989, when he fell from a stool on the job, injuring his head, neck, and back and losing his job. He filed a complaint with the New York State Workers Compensation Board, which took years to come to a resolution. While he waited for their decision, he attended Nassau Community College. Disciplinary Problems at College He made the deans list three times but was forced to quit a class for disciplinary reasons after a teacher filed a complaint that Ferguson was overly aggressive toward him in class. That prompted him to transfer to Adelphi University in Garden City, New York, in 1990, majoring in business administration. Ferguson became very outspoken about black power and his dislike of whites. When he wasnt calling everyone around him a racist, he called out for violence and a revolution to overthrow white America. Ferguson alleged that a white woman at the library shouted racial epithets at him when he asked about a class assignment. An investigation found that no such incident had occurred. In another incident, Ferguson interrupted a faculty member giving a presentation about her trip to South Africa, allegedly shouting, We should be talking about the revolution in South Africa and how to get rid of the white people and Kill everybody white! After fellow students tried to calm him, he chanted, The black revolution will get you.   In June 1991, as a result of the incident, Ferguson was suspended from school. He was invited to reapply after satisfying his suspension, but he never returned. Brush With the Law In 1991 Ferguson moved to Brooklyn, where he was unemployed and rented a room in the Flatbush neighborhood. At the time it was a popular area for West Indian immigrants, and Ferguson moved right into the middle, but he kept to himself, rarely saying anything to his neighbors. In 1992 his ex-wife, who had not seen Ferguson since the divorce, filed a complaint against him, claiming he had pried open the trunk of her car. Anger was boiling up inside Ferguson, and he was nearing the breaking point. In February he was taking the subway when a woman attempted to sit in an empty seat beside him. She asked him to move over, and Ferguson began screaming at her, pressing his elbow and leg against her until the police intervened. He attempted to get away, calling out, Brothers, come help me! to African-Americans on the train. He was arrested and charged with harassment. Ferguson wrote letters to the police commissioner and the NYC Transit Authority, claiming the police had brutalized him and were vicious and racist. The claims were later dismissed after an investigation. Worker's Compensation Claim Settled It took three years for his workers compensation case against Ademco Security Group to be settled. He was awarded $26,250, which he found unsatisfactory. Stating that he was still suffering from pain, he met with a Manhattan attorney, Lauren Abramson, about filing another lawsuit. Abramson later said she asked a law clerk to join the meeting because she found Ferguson to be threatening and uncomfortable to be around. When the law firm rejected the case, Ferguson accused members of the firm of discrimination. During one phone call, he referenced a massacre in California. Many at the firm began locking their inner-office doors. Ferguson then tried to get the New York State Workers Compensation Board to reopen the case but was rejected. However, Ferguson was placed on a list of potentially dangerous people because of his aggressiveness. Fed up with New York City, Ferguson moved to California in April 1993. He applied for several jobs but was never hired. Gun Purchase That same month, he spent $400 on a Ruger P-89 9 mm pistol in Long Beach. He began carrying the gun inside a paper bag after he was mugged by two African-Americans. In May 1993, Ferguson moved back to New York City because, as he explained to a friend, he didnt like competing for jobs with immigrants and Hispanics. After he returned to New York, he seemed to be deteriorating quickly. Speaking in the third person, he went on rants about blacks striking down their pompous rulers and oppressors. He showered several times a day and chanted continuously about all the black people killing all the white people. Ferguson was asked to vacate his apartment by the end of the month. The Shooting On Dec. 7, Ferguson boarded a 5:33 p.m. Long Island commuter train leaving Pennsylvania Station for Hicksville. On his lap were his gun and 160 rounds of ammunition. As the train approached the Merillon Avenue Station, Ferguson stood up and methodically began firing at passengers on both sides, pulling the trigger about every half second and repeating Im going to get you. After emptying two 15-round magazines, he was reloading a third when passengers Michael OConnor, Kevin Blum, and Mark McEntee tackled him and pinned him down until police arrived. As Ferguson lay pinned to a seat, he said, Oh God, what did I do? What did I do? I deserve whatever I get. Six passengers died: Amy Federici, a 27-year-old corporate interior designer from MineolaJames Gorycki, a 51-year-old account executive from MineolaMi Kyung Kim, a 27-year-old New Hyde Park residentMaria Theresa Tumangan Magtoto, a 30-year-old lawyer from WestburyDennis McCarthy, a 52-year-old office manager from MineolaRichard Nettleton, a 24-year-old college student from Roslyn Heights 19 passengers were injured. The Note Police searching Ferguson found several scraps of notebook paper in his pockets bearing headlines such as reasons for this,  racism by Caucasians and Uncle Tom Negroes, and a scribbled reference to his February 1992 arrest that referred to the false allegations against me by the filthy Caucasian racist female on the #1 line. Also among the notes were the names and telephone numbers of the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, and the Manhattan law firm that Ferguson had threatened, whom he referred to as those corrupt black attorneys who not only refused to help me but tried to steal my car. Based on the notes, it appeared that Ferguson planned to delay the killings until he was beyond the New York City limit out of respect for outgoing Mayor David Dinkins and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly. Ferguson was arraigned on Dec. 8, 1993. He remained silent  during the arraignment and refused to enter a plea. He was ordered held without bail. As he was escorted from the courthouse, a reporter asked him if he hated whites, to which Ferguson replied, Its a lie. Investigation, Trial, and Sentencing According to trial testimony, Ferguson suffered from extreme paranoia involving many races but mostly centering on the feeling that white people were out to get him. At some point, his paranoia had pushed him into devising a plan of revenge. To avoid embarrassing Mayor Dinkins, Ferguson had selected a commuter train headed to Nassau County. Once the train entered Nassau, Ferguson had begun shooting, selecting some white people to gun down and sparing others. The reasons for his selections were never made clear. After a circus-like trial in which Ferguson represented himself and rambled on, often repeating himself,  he was found guilty and sentenced to 315  years in prison. As of November 2018, he was in the Upstate Correctional Facility in Malone, New York. Source:The Long Island Railroad Massacre, AE American Justice

Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union

Separation of Church and State in the European Union The European Union, the intergovernmental organization between 25 European nations, faces many challenges concerning where it will go, how it will develop, and how and when it will expand. As its work continues and further develops, the Member States take many steps to be more united and uniform. Such developments are the birth of the Euro as the EU‘s monetary unit and the abolition of borders between the Member States except the United Kingdom. The writing of the EU Constitution is another development. However, this one has raised much controversy over one issue: the omission of religious reference in the Constitution. This issue raises many questions, and one of them is whether the EU should seek standard policy regarding the state-church relationships of the Member States. Perhaps a coherent way to look at and discuss this question is by comparing the EU to another union, such as the United States. The difference between their structures and developments can point out how the EU should behave about the separation of church and state. The US, being a federation, believes that constitutionally, the church and state should be separated. This policy helps the US function as a successful body, under the principles it has set. However, unlike the US, the EU does not need to find a uniform way in dealing with the church-government relationships in order to function as a successful body, since the EU has no central gover nment and is not an organization which interferes with the strictly internal policies of the Member States. The US developed in such a way that a uniform in church-state relationships is needed. Ever since the colonial period, there was an established religion in some of the colonies. For instance, New England had a Puritan domination, and the Colony of Virginia had the Anglican Church as official religion. However, with the Revolutionary War, these ... Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union Separation of Church and State in the European Union The European Union, the intergovernmental organization between 25 European nations, faces many challenges concerning where it will go, how it will develop, and how and when it will expand. As its work continues and further develops, the Member States take many steps to be more united and uniform. Such developments are the birth of the Euro as the EU‘s monetary unit and the abolition of borders between the Member States except the United Kingdom. The writing of the EU Constitution is another development. However, this one has raised much controversy over one issue: the omission of religious reference in the Constitution. This issue raises many questions, and one of them is whether the EU should seek standard policy regarding the state-church relationships of the Member States. Perhaps a coherent way to look at and discuss this question is by comparing the EU to another union, such as the United States. The difference between their structures and developments can point out how the EU should behave about the separation of church and state. The US, being a federation, believes that constitutionally, the church and state should be separated. This policy helps the US function as a successful body, under the principles it has set. However, unlike the US, the EU does not need to find a uniform way in dealing with the church-government relationships in order to function as a successful body, since the EU has no central gover nment and is not an organization which interferes with the strictly internal policies of the Member States. The US developed in such a way that a uniform in church-state relationships is needed. Ever since the colonial period, there was an established religion in some of the colonies. For instance, New England had a Puritan domination, and the Colony of Virginia had the Anglican Church as official religion. However, with the Revolutionary War, these ...

Methods and Design Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methods and Design Paper - Essay Example In particular, continuing from the relationships identified earlier in respect to the proposed research in measuring service quality dimensions; this paper identifies the methods and design structures that could be most fruitfully deployed in bringing about the clarity in relationships between various constructs and variables so as to meet the research intent. The target object of the proposed research is to evaluate service quality performance versus customer expectations of the same. The earlier paper on relationships had identified the primary constructs as: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles, and business success in relation to services' quality. It is posited here that answers to the proposed research questions, will enable special event firms to ascertain if there is a positive relationship between their business successes and the service quality they proffer. This analysis can also help identify the negative gaps in service quality from expected levels as well as determine as to which SERVQUAL dimensions are critical in determining the level of success this type of company will experience in the marketplace. However prior to that it is important that it is examined how similar constructs have been examined in comparable research on service quality. ... The results of the study are used to strategize as to what communication action may increase awareness and loyalty in existing and potential buyers. This also lays bare the key attributes clients use as a measure of quality and satisfaction when consuming professional services. Botschen et al (1996) have used a very interesting technique for identifying the problems which the consumers might encounter in service encounters. The technique is called Sequence-oriented problem identification (SOPI).SOPI involves blue printing the sequence of steps that make up a service encounter, and asking customers to provide evaluations for each step they may experience in the service encounter process. In part, SOPI is a strategic tool that combines and extends blueprinting of services with the critical incident technique. The SOPI technique is illustrated with comparisons of findings from the research method with findings from the critical incident method in an empirical study of customers' evaluat ions of the augmented and core services in adult education courses of an Austrian enterprise. The SOPI results provide very specific information about problems experienced by customers that was not included in the critical incident method. Nick &Tyas (1997) had done interesting research in probing service quality perceptions of consumers. They maintain that definite noteworthy events encourse service dispensations are events in real space but affect service perceptions randomly. Whereas generalized views about service establishment are exaggerated views of the reality expressed in general terms by a group of individuals. They believe that both noteworthy events

Markiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markiting - Essay Example For calculate the benefits the company must has marketing tool in find out buyer wants, behaviour and market size. 2)Developing Marketing Strategies – a company needs makng a positioning strategy. It must follow new-product developmet, testing and launching. Just after launching the product strategy has to undergone many changes in the different stages of product life-cycle. When a product is launch the product has to passes by four stages which are introduction, growth, maturity and decline and this cycle is called product life cycle (Kotler 2004). The figure given below shows a typical bell shaped product life cycle in terms of product revenue and profits. A new product takes time to settle in the minds of consumers. So ate first there happens low or no profits, low sales and high promotional expenditures (Kotler 2004). The marketing mix is affecting this way: 4)Promotion is done for holding innovators and quickly adopters. Marketing communications are everytime helping in educating and bringing interest in those consumers who may go for the product in future. In the growth stage sales increases because more consumers come to know the product and and buy it (Kotler 2004). There is competition. Attention is now on the safeguarding market share and also maximizing profit. In the following way it assist the marketing managers to making decisions: In the decline stage the sales of the product goes down a lot because of many reasons like change in technology, change in consumers tastes, more domestic and internation competitions (Kotler 2004). In such a stage the marketing managers should: Examples: Boston Market which declared bankruptcy and was taken over by McDonald’s came back into existence by revilatizing (Kotler 2004). Even Pitney Bowes was once predicting that the company will fail due to internet but the company still continuing as it

What would you consider to be distinctive features of US approaches to Essay

What would you consider to be distinctive features of US approaches to HRM, and what extent do you think these would be exportable to the rest of the world - Essay Example al nuisance, more so when the economy is not that encouraging boosting trade ties between stakeholders, different organizations and so on and so forth. The corporate strategy plays a significant role at building a bridge between the company’s inner policies and the undertakings it has with the various stakeholders, who could be from the human resources management settings. (Korzeniowski, 2001) Human resources management in a developing country like India is much different than it is in a developed nation – United States for example. The differences arise in the way works are done as well as the manner in which people are held accountable and answerable for their respective tasks and job natures. Conducting business within USA is also different because it has a distinct culture of its own. Its people speak different languages, adapt to a number of traditions and have family make-ups of a completely distinct proposition. (Enright, 2000) Human resources management in different venues of the world is a difficult yet interesting proposition. What might be hailed as a suitable entity in one location could be judged as a sheer loser in another country or business marketplace for that matter. Thus human resources management takes care of the social and cultural concepts of the place. Thus it is pertinent to note that different business markets of the world have differences in them nonetheless. A developing country has a developing market and the business which is widespread in its environs is something that has just started or remained within the realms of its exploration. On the other hand, a developed business environment – that of the US for instance, sustains growth and the profitability from the business standpoint is a part and parcel thing. Misunderstandings are an understood notion in a society such as of USA where people adhered to an agreed and applied culture but did not actually know the facets of the followed traditions and the cultural history. It was

Mom Is Most Influential in My Life Essay Example for Free

Mom Is Most Influential in My Life Essay People have had someone to influence them in their lifetime at some time or another, but my biggest influence in my life is my mom. I can’t but admire my mom’s strength and her wisdom. I am a strong believer in the saying â€Å"like father, â€Å"like son goes with both genders, however, I do think that this is more a result of following example rather than a result genetics. It is common knowledge that not everyone is perfect, even heroes, and in realizing this I know. Although I wish to be like my mom in most ways I do not at all. This realization may be one of the most important things I have learned, my mom has taught me to be firm in my decisions in life, not solely on the examples and actions of others but simply on what I gather and learn from the examples and actions of others. In other words, she has taught me not to follow blindly but to make my own decisions based on what I think is important. The things I have learned and continue to learn from my mom are continuous; she has taught me all of the founding principles of my life and for that I am very thankful. Read more:  Admiration speech essay My mom has an enormous influence on me because she always encourages me to do my best, taught me to be a survivor and finally mom influences me by is always helping needy. People have had someone to influence them in their lifetime at some time or another, but my biggest influence in my life is my mom. I can’t but admire my mom’s strength and her wisdom. I am a strong believer in the saying â€Å"like father, â€Å"like son goes with both genders, however, I do think that this is more a result of following example rather than a result genetics. It is common knowledge that not everyone is perfect, even heroes, and in realizing this I know. Although I wish to be like my mom in most ways I do not at all. This realization may be one of the most important things I have learned, my mom has taught me to be firm in my decisions in life, not solely on the examples and actions of others but simply on what I gather and learn from the examples and actions of others. In other words, she has taught me not to follow blindly but to make my own decisions based on what I think is important. The things I have learned and continue to learn from my mom are continuous; she has taught me all of the founding principles of my life and for that I am very thankful.

American Needs a Medical School Application Loan Program Essay

American Needs a Medical School Application Loan Program For more than a year, a large part of my time has been spent applying to medical schools. I have dedicated much energy to prepare for and take the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT), obtain multiple letters of recommendation from my professors, interview for a health professions committee letter of recommendation from my university, complete and submit the applications, and interview at various medical schools. Although this process proved to be a positive experience, the extraordinary cost of applying to medical schools poses a danger of limiting individuals with limited financial resources. Moreover, the lack of scholarship or loan programs to assist students with the application process further contributes to this danger. One of the first hurdles of applying to medical school is the MCAT. Although many students prepare for this exam on their own, a large portion of students choose to take preparatory classes offered by various private test preparation companies. These courses, which often cost in excess of $1000, teach students not only the basic concepts covered on the MCAT, but also helpful test-taking techniques unique to the MCAT. Thus, these preparatory classes may provide students with helpful advice and knowledge unavailable to those who cannot afford the classes. I attribute much of my success on the MCAT to these helpful hints; furthermore, many of my fellow pre-medical colleagues, who were unable to take the preparatory classes because of financial constraints, scored poorly on the exam. Hence, I believe MCAT preparation courses significantly increase one's probability of performing well on the MCAT, and, since these courses are out of reach for many... ...expenses should not impede a student's desire to apply to medical school and achieve his or her goal of becoming a physician. Although AMCAS and some medical schools have attempted to alleviate this problem by providing fee waivers or reductions, these efforts fall short of solving the problem of financial impedance to medical applicants. Many students from moderate income families cannot receive these fee waivers; moreover, their families cannot provide the $2000 to $3000 necessary to apply to medical school. Thus, I believe that the Department of Education, in conjunction with private loan companies, should provide low interest, medical school application loan programs. Through these loan programs, qualified students who lack necessary application funds, may rightfully apply to medical schools without facing the exuberant and potentially limiting application fees.

Henri Fayol Principals Essay

Principle 1: Division of work According to Fayol’s principle one of management, division of work, he proposed that â€Å"work can be performed more efficiently if it is divided into smaller elements and assigning specific elements to specific workers† (Rodrigues 2001, p. 880). Contrary to this principle, workers might get bored of doing the same task. For instance in a factory, work is divided into many parts where each of the worker is responsible for a specific task. Eventually these workers will be proficient in their job, where it will become a routine work. However, if they were to continue to perform the same routine task over a very long period of time, they might lose interest or become too complacent. They are not being challenged or made to encounter new or different situations during the job. Thus, this does not create opportunities for them to develop new skills. Employees need to be exposed to job opportunities so that they will be able to pick up new skills, and not just focusing on a specific task. If these employees are given the opportunity to develop new skills, it will give them a sense of importance and belonging in the organisation, and these new knowledge will inspire and motivate them to be more engaged and have a better understanding in their work. Every employees would seize it as an opportunity whenever they face challenges (McGregor & Harpaz, cited in Rodrigues 2011, p. 881). Therefore, organisation should come out with methods and tools that are able to increase the opportunities and challenges of the employees (Schmitt, Zacher & de Lange 2013, p. 516). To support this, employers can provide workshops and trainings for employees to broaden their skills and specializations. This will also open up the employees’ room for professional development. For example, Singapore Workforce Development Agency, WDA encourages employees, professionals, managers and executives to upgrade and build up on their skills through skills-based trainings (Singapore Workforce Development Agency 2012). Opportunities given to employees at work will allow them to learn and gain more skills and knowledge. In addition, this will also boost up their growth and confidence level in their work as they are empowered with multi responsibilities. In the presence of job enrichment, employees are able to deepen their job responsibilities and have control over their work (Dickie & Dickie 2011, p. 71). Job enrichment will benefit the organisation as it will reduce the number of absenteeism, turnover  intentions and social loafing while increase employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and individual productivity (Davoudi 2013, p. 107). In other words, organisation should encourage and send their employees for skills upgrading to stretch their capabilities. In contrast to Fayol’s understanding that an employee doing one task will increase their efficiency, employee that have more than one skill will benefit the organisation as their knowledge has become greater than before. Another disadvantage to this principle in this 21st century context is the impact of technology whereby machines has taken over some but not all, specialised jobs (Rodrigues 2001, pp. 880-881). Back to the factory example; then people were hired to do manufacturing jobs such as assembling cars. Each worker was given a specific task to assemble a car, but now these tasks are carried out by robots, where they are able to do more than one task (John Markoff 2012). As a result these workers might lose their jobs. Thus this principle, to a certain extent, it may not be relevant today. There are still organisations who practice this principle, but with the fast moving technology and employees who are eager to learn, it might not apply to this day. ? The managers have the power to instruct their employees to perform work that they give. Thus in this principle, managers give their employee rights (authority) and let them be responsible to complete the task (responsibility) that is being delegated to them (Bushardt et al. 2010, p. 9). In this context, it shows that the manager’s role is authoritative, which makes the subordinates have to follow the manager’s instructions (Cheng 2004, p. 91). Managers must stay in mind that they must have a shared understanding with their employees when they assign the task to them (Miles, cited in Evans et al. 2013, p. 24). They must take in consideration not to misuse their authoritative power to the extent that their employees have no choice nor say when their managers delegate the task to them. When the manager and the employee have a common goal, it will open up opportunities for employees to share opinions and make decisions to accomplish the required task. This also allows the managers to understand their employees and get engaged with them. In support of this, managers need to be a good example to their employees so that they will feel inspired and motivated to reach their organisational goals. Hence, managers have to be a transformational leader by moving their team forward to inspire and motivate them (Warrick 2011, p. 12). Whenever someone thinks of a leader, he will associate them with acquiring power, influence and authority (Dickie & Dickie 2011, p. 83). One can have power and authority, but only a few are able to influence, inspire and motivate their employees. Fig 1.1 Leader behaviour continuum (Tannenbaum & Schmidt, cited in Dickie & Dickie 2011, p. 87) The two-dimensional model in fig 1.1 explains that managers’ role of authoritativeness and sub-ordinates empowerment has to be balanced between managers and the employees. Employees are able to participate in the decision making by voicing out their ideas to their managers. Managers can then make a decision based on this shared understanding (Tannenbaum & Schmidt 1973). Hence, employees are given the permission to complete the given task which was based on a clear and discussed understanding with the manager. In contrast of Fayol’s perspective, delegation of work to the employees should be tasked responsibly with a shared understanding. Thus, employees will feel that their role in the organisation is worthy and  trusted. References Davoudi, SMM 2013, ‘Impact: Job Enrichment in Organizational Citizenship Behaviour’, SCMS Journal of Indian Management, p. 107, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 November 2013. Dickie, L & Dickie, C 2011, Cornerstones of Management, 2nd edn, Tilde University Press, Australia, p. 71. Rodrigues, CA 2001, ‘Fayol’s 14 principles of management then and now: A framework for managing today’s organizations effectively’, Management Decision, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 880-889. Schmitt, A, Zacher, H & de Lange, AH 2013, ‘Focus on opportunities as a boundary condition of the relationship between job control and work engagement: A multi-sample, multi-method study’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 22, no. 5, p. 516, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 December 2013. Singapore Workforce Development Agency 2012, About WDA, Singapore Workforce Development Agency, viewed 12 January 2014, . John Markoff 2012, Skilled Work, Without the Worker, New York Times, viewed 12 January 2014, . ? Principle 2: Authority and responsibility Bushardt, SC, Glascoff, DW, Doty, DH, Frank, M & Burke, F 2010, ‘Delegation, Authority and Responsibility: A reconfiguration of an old paradigm’, Advances in Management, vol. 3, no. 9, p. 9. Cheng, BS, Chou, LF, Wu, TY, Huang, MP & Farh, JL 2004, ‘Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations’, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 91. Dickie, L & Dickie, C 2011, Cornerstones of Management, 2nd edn, Tilde University Press, Australia, p. 83. Dickie, L & Dickie, C 2011, Cornerstones of Management, 2nd edn, Tilde University Press, Australia, p. 87. Evans, WR, Haden, SSP, Clayton, RW & Novicevic, MM 2013, ‘History-of-management thought about social responsibility’, Journal of Management History, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 24. Tannenbaum, R & Schmidt, WH 1973, ‘How to choose a leadership pattern’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 164. Warrick, DD 2011, â₠¬ËœThe urgent need for skilled transformational leaders: integrating transformational leadership and organization development’, Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 12. ?